Allotropic zakuthupi: diamondi ndi graphite. Dongosolo la graphite ndi diamondi.

Aliyense ali bwino zinthu monga graphite ndi diamondi. Graphite amapezeka paliponse. Mwachitsanzo, zikhale ndodo kwa pensulo yosavuta. Graphite - mankhwala ndi angakwanitse ndithu ndiponso ndilotsika mtengo. Koma chinthu choterocho, monga mwala, ndi osiyana graphite. Diamondi - mwala mtengo kwambiri, ndi chosowa kwambiri ndi mandala, mosiyana ndi graphite. Ndi kovuta kukhulupirira, koma mankhwala chilinganizo graphite chikugwirizana ndi mfundo diamondi. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mmene tingachitire zimenezi.

Graphite: mbiriyakale ndi katundu wa mchere ndi

History of graphite kunayamba kale zaka, kotero chaka chenicheni cha chiyambi cha ntchito zoikika zake ndi kovuta. Graphite ndi lotchuka kukhala wochititsa wabwino wa magetsi. Komanso, mchere izi ndi osalimba kwambiri. Choncho, zikhale ndodo kwa mapensulo.

The katundu mankhwala mchere akhoza monga mapangidwe mankhwala kulolerana ndi zinthu zambiri monga salt ndi zitsulo soda. Maminolo si kupasuka mu zidulo.

Chilinganizo graphite - C, i.e. ndi imodzi mwa zosintha allotropic pafupi chimodzi mchitidwe tebulo zodziwitsa - mpweya.

Diamondi: mbiriyakale ndi katundu wa mchere ndi

Mbiri ya diamondi ndi zachilendo kwambiri. Akukhulupirira kuti diamondi woyamba anapezeka ku India. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anthu alephera kumvetsa mphamvu ya mwala uwu. Akatswiriwa anali kokhaku kuti mwala uwu ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi cholimba. Mpaka m'ma 15, diamondi anali ofunika kwambiri zosakwana emeralds ndi zamtengo wapatali. Ndipo kenako jeweler osadziwika pamene ntchito ndi mwala ndinapereka mbali wokongola, amene anadzatchedwa diamondi lapansi. Zinali ndiye kuti mwala ndipo anasonyeza yokha mu ulemerero wake onse.

Makamaka diamondi ntchito makampani. mchere ili ndi mphamvu zambiri mu dziko lonse, ichi ndi chifukwa chake wapangidwa abrasives, odula kwa Machining zitsulo olimba ndi zina.

Monga ife kale mukudziwa, graphite mu mankhwala chilinganizo - C, chilinganizo yemweyo ali daimondi.

Kusiyana diamondi ndi graphite

Ngakhale kuti mchere wa amenewa mitunduyi mankhwala, iwo ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake monga mwamawonekedwe, ndi kwa mfundo mankhwala view.

Choyamba, diamondi ndi graphite nyumba chosiyana Chrixitu. Chifukwa graphite wapangidwa a gululi wa hexagons, pamene diamondi ali ndi dongosolo kiyubiki krustalo. The fragility wa graphite chifukwa chakuti kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo zake zosavuta kuti asamvere, maatomu ake mosavuta anapatukana. Chifukwa cha ichi, graphite n'zosavuta kuyamwa kuwala, mdima kwambiri, mosiyana diamondi lapansi.

Kapangidwe diamondi amakhala mu atomu imodzi mpweya wazunguliridwa ndi maatomu ena anayi piramidi tetrahedral kapena kansalu. Lililonse atomu ili pa mtunda wofanana Chrixitu. Kulankhulana kwa maatomu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, nchifukwa chake diamondi ndi zolimba ndi cholimba. diamondi wina katundu - n'lakuti kutsogolera kuwala, mosiyana graphite.

Chachirendo kuti njira ndi chimodzimodzi graphite diamondi chilinganizo, koma mchere ndi chosiyana? No! Chifukwa diamondi analengedwa ndi chikhalidwe ndi zovuta lalikuru, kenako n'kuzizira mofulumira kwambiri, pamene graphite limapezeka pa mochedwerako, koma kutentha kwambiri.

Kodi chinthu allotropic?

zakuthupi Allotropic - izi ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri zimapangidwira. Izi ndi ngodya kuti amalola kusiyanitsa thunthu Chrixitu.

The sukulu allotropic zinthu kuphunzira pa chitsanzo cha graphite ndi diamondi, komanso kusiyana. Choncho, popeza anaphunzira kusiyana diamondi ndi graphite, Ndizachidziwikire kuti allotropy - ndi kukhalapo mu chikhalidwe cha zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri, zomwe amasiyana dongosolo zawo ndi katundu, koma ndi ofanana mankhwala chilinganizo kapena a yemweyo mankhwala amafotokozera.

Kupeza graphite diamondi

Graphite chilinganizo - C - analola asayansi kubala zosiyanasiyana zatsopano, chifukwa mu graphite allotropic zinthu anapezeka.

Aphunzitsi muuzeni ndi ana asukulu ndi ophunzira za mmene asayansi ayesetsa kulenga diamondi ku graphite. nkhaniyi chidwi kwambiri ndi zosangalatsa, komanso timatha inu mukukumbukira kuli zinthu allotropic monga graphite ndi diamondi, ndi kusiyana.

M'mbuyomu, asayansi ayesetsa kulenga diamondi ku graphite. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti ngati chilinganizo cha daimondi ndi graphite ali yemweyo, iwo adzatha kulenga diamondi, chifukwa mwala ndi okwera mtengo komanso yosowa kwambiri. Tsopano ife tikudziwa kuti diamondi mchere limapezeka mu chirengedwe pa kuthamanga ndi yomweyo kuzirala. Choncho, akatswiri anaganiza kuwomba ѓrafit, motero polenga zinthu zofunika kwa diamondi mapangidwe. Ndipo Ndipotu, chozizwitsa chinachitika, kuphulika mu graphite anapanga ochepa makhiristo diamondi.

Ntchito graphite ndi diamondi

Pakali pano, ndi graphite ndi diamondi ali makamaka ntchito mu makampani. Koma za 10% ya okwana kupanga diamondi amapita ku ntchito zodzikongoletsera. Ambiri zambiri zopangidwa mapensulo graphite, monga osalimba kwambiri ndi Chimaona, ndipo masamba kuda.