Matenthedwe zotsatira ndi enthalpy mapangidwe. Mau oyamba thermochemistry

Enthalpy mapangidwe, katundu thermodynamic ngati zofunika mankhwala, zimene zikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndiko mu dongosolo lake maselo zikhoza kusinthidwa mu kutentha, ndi imodzi mwa malingaliro kiyi umagwirira thermodynamic. nthambi ili la sayansi akhala akuphunzira kutentha makhalidwe a anasiyana ndi kudalira awo pa mitundu yonse ya magawo thupi ndi mankhwala, mphamvu kutentha ndi kusintha gawo. The enthalpy mapangidwe (kuchokera Greek "entalpio." - "modzikuza") Mzimuyo mankhwala chofunika kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kulenga chinthu chovuta ku zinthu yosavuta, unatenga ulamuliro, uliri khola kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, wa hydrogen, asafe kapena mpweya amenewa ndi gaseous mawonekedwe, ndi mpweya - mpweya ndi bromine - boma madzi. Enthalpy mapangidwe - lofunika kwambiri thermochemical katundu, monga chimathandiza osati bwinobwino vutolo theoretically, komanso kukhala zosiyanasiyana umisiri mankhwala ndi kulenga zida zina zofunika kuti kuzikwaniritsa. Ndipo izi ndi zotheka ngati pali zolondola ndi zochokera mwasayansi zambiri pa physicochemical ndi thermodynamic katundu wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Mfundo zimenezi nthawi zambiri m'gulu maperesenti oposa makumi asanu deta koyamba kwa kamangidwe ka zida zovuta umboni kapena zolinga mafakitale.

Choncho, kuphunzira katundu zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga enthalpy mapangidwe, ndi lero ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa thermochemistry nthawi zambiri ntchito thermodynamic anachita maikwezhoni kudziwa phindu ili. Iwo ayenera amasonyeza boma akaphatikiza zinthu, ndipo zotsatira matenthedwe monga mmodzi wa mankhwala anachita.

Kutentha anachita, kuphatikizapo mapangidwe enthalpy wa thunthu anatsimikiza ntchito calorimeters mtundu uliwonse. Otchedwa bomba calorimeter ndiye chotengera bwino thermostatted anatseka mtundu umene matenthedwe mphamvu anamasulidwa chifukwa cha mankhwala anachita chimadyedwa kokha kuonjezera kutentha mu mlengalenga mkati. The calorimeter ndi zotakasika chinthu ndi zimene anayambitsa palokha mu njira zambiri zosiyana. Ndiye, kutentha mkati a sing'anga chimaonekera ndi thermometer kapena thermocouple.

Mu njira iyi, mogwirizana ndi muyezo enthalpy mapangidwe a masauzande ambiri zinthu. deta zonse mosamala ndi mosamalitsa analemba nkhani yapadera ndi magome. Komanso enthalpies la magawo mapangidwe zinthu zosiyana masamu mwamasamu ntchito zedi zofanana mwa mankhwala zosiyanasiyana mankhwala zimene awa. Pakuti ichi ndi ntchito zatchulidwazi thermodynamic maikwezhoni.

Zambiri zinthu pafupifupi nthawi zonse mapangidwe enthalpy ndi wofanana ndi ziro. Kodi inunso n'komwe mu kuwerengetsera lapansi. Ndipo chuma ichi thermodynamic Mwachitsanzo, phosphorous trichloride kuchita masamu pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zotsatirazi:

P (TV.) + 1½ C ₃ = RS (x).

Chifukwa zitsulo gaseous (Fe, AL) ndi enthalpy mapangidwe ndi osiyana ndi ziro ndipo umaimira kusintha thermochemical pa kusintha kwa boma olimba (muyezo) m'chigawo gaseous. Khalidwe limeneli amaona ngati enthalpy wa vaporization umatchedwanso atomization.