Zaluso ndi chikhalidwe cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Chiwerengerochi chapadera cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano: mndandanda

Kubadwa Kwatsopano (Kubadwa Kwatsopano) alowa m'malo Zapakati ndipo zinatha mpaka Choonadi. Ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya Ulaya. Wosiyana chikhalidwe yakale ndipo umunthu ndi anthropocentrism (mu malo oyamba pali mwamuna). Ziwerengero za Kubadwa Kwatsopano zinasintha maganizo awo.

Chidule

Anapanga chikhalidwe chatsopano mwa maubale zasintha ku Ulaya. Makamaka anakhudzidwa kugwa kwake kwa boma Byzantine. A zambiri Byzantines anasamukira ku mayiko a ku Ulaya, ndi iwo anabweretsa nambala yaikulu ya zosemasema. Zonsezi ankadziwa kuti Ulaya, ndi Kozimo Medichi, chidwi, olengedwa mwa Florence Academy of Plato.

Kufalitsa mzinda-limati zinachititsa kuti kuchuluka kwa makalasi, amene anali kutali Gona ndi ang'onoang'ono. Izi zinaphatikizapo osema, osunga ndalama, amalonda ndi zina zotero. Iwo ankaona kuti mfundo akale kuti inakhazikitsidwa ndi mpingo. Zimenezi zinachititsa umunthu. Mu lingaliro limeneli malangizo nzeru zaumunthu, amene amaona munthu wokhalapo ngati mtengo wapatali kwambiri.

M'mayiko ambiri anayamba kupanga yakale sayansi ndi kufufuza malo. kusiyana kwawo ku akale a anakhala wopatuka kwa mpingo. Iwo anapanga kosangalatsa chachikulu cha m'ma XV, kuyambitsa yosindikiza. Zimenezi ndi zambiri amaoneka otchuka wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Mapangidwe ndi kuyanga

Choyamba anaonekera Kubadwa Kwatsopano Italy. Apa adayamba zizindikiro mu XIII ndi XIV zaka. Komabe, kutchuka kwa nthawi wake sanathe kupambana, ndi kokha mu 20s wa atumwi XV izo anatha kupeza kufalikira. M'mayiko ena ku Ulaya, Kubadwa Kwatsopano kufalitsa patapita nthawi yaitali. Ndi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma, ndi heyday wa kukuchititsa zimenezi.

M'ma wotsatira unali vuto la Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Zotsatira zake zakhala zikamera wa Mannerism ndi Baroque. Onse Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi kugawidwa m'mbali zinayi. Aliyense wa iwo anapereka awo chikhalidwe yekha, luso.

Protorenessans

Ndi Transitional nthawi kuchokera Ages Middle kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Izo zikhoza kugawidwa mu magawo awiri. Woyamba unakhala pa moyo wa Giotto, wachiwiri - pambuyo pa imfa yake (1337). Woyamba anali wodzazidwa ndi zinthu zopambana pa nthawiyo anali akuchita kanjedza yowala ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. The chachiwiri unachitikira kufanana kwa mliri amene anazunza Italy.

Ojambula zithunzi za Kubadwa Kwatsopano nyengo anasonyeza luso lawo makamaka chosema. Makamaka amatha kusiyanitsa Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano ndi Nicola ndi Dzhovanni Pizano. Zojambula za nthawi umaimiridwa ndi masukulu awiri, amene anapezedwa ku Siena ndi Florence. A mbali yaikulu mu kupenta nyengo ankaimba Giotto.

Chiwerengerochi Kubadwa Kwatsopano (ojambula), makamaka ndi Giotto, azitsulo zojambula wake wa mitu achipembedzo kuwonjezera zowawa ndi boma.

Mu mabuku, kusintha anapanga Dante Aligeri, amene analenga wotchuka "sewero lanthabwala". Komabe, ana a kuzizwa, iye "Divine Comedy." Sonnets wa Petrarch (1304-1374 gg.), Linalembedwa mu nthawi zinatchuka yaikulu, ndipo anakhala wotsatira wake Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375 gg.), Mlembi wa "Decameron".

Mumadziwika kanjedza wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano Italy anakhala ndiAmene wa chinenero mabuku. Ntchito ya anthu amenewa atatchuka kupitirira malire a boma kwawo pamoyo wawo, ndipo kenako ananenedwa chuma cha mabuku dziko.

Nthawi Early Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Nthawiyi kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu (1420-1500 gg.). Ziwerengero za oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano sanafooke ndi kabwerebwere posachedwapa m'mbuyomu, koma zitsulo ntchito zake amachita amakedzana zachikhalidwe. Pang'onopang'ono, anasamukira ku akale mfundo wakale. kusintha anakhudzidwa ndi kusintha miyoyo ndi chikhalidwe.

Italy wakhala akudziwa chidawoneka mfundo za masiku amakedzana chakale, ndi m'mayiko ena ali ankadalira miyambo ya kalembedwe Gothic. Only mu zaka za m'ma XV Kubadwa Kwatsopano atagonjetsa mu Spain ndi kumpoto kwa Alps.

Mu pachithunzipa, koposa zonse, anayamba kusonyeza kukongola kwa munthu. nthawi makamaka ankaimira oyambirira ntchito Botticelli (1445-1510), komanso Mazachcho (1401-1428).

Makamaka wotchuka ziboliboli Donatello ndi nyengo (1386-1466). Mu ntchito zake chogwidwa chithunzi mtundu. Donatello komanso nthawi yoyamba kuyambira kale analenga chosema cha matupi amaliseche.

Zofunika kwambiri ndi mapulani odziwika nyengo anali Brunelleschi (1377-1446). Iye anatha kuphatikiza Roma ndi masitaelo Gothic ntchito zawo. Wachita ntchito yomanga m'matchalitchi, matchalitchi ndi nyumba zachifumu. Komanso anabwerera zomangamanga Zotolera zakale.

Nthawi ya High Kubadwa Kwatsopano

nthawi iyi panali maluwa a Kubadwa Kwatsopano (1500-1527). Chitaliyana Art Center lili Rome, koma osati mu alipidwa Florence. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kumene Papa Julius II. Iye anali akhama komanso wakhama khalidwe, pamene anali pa mpando papa ku khoti anabwera bwino kanjedza chikhalidwe cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Mu Roma, anayamba kumanga nyumba zazikulu, Osema ambiri kulenga katswiri kuti ndi zokometsera mu dziko la chisunzo mu nthawi yathu. Kulemba akubwera frescoes ndi zojambula amakopeka ndi kukongola. Boma onsewa akupanga luso, Akuthandizana.

Kuphunzira amakedzana wayamba zakuya. Onse molondola kwambiri imabereka chikhalidwe cha nthawi. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuletsa Ages Middle m'malo akuseŵera bwinobwino zaluso. Komabe, kanjedza wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, mndandanda wa zomwe ndi yaikulu, monga kubwereka ena mfundo za kwake, ndi maziko a kulenga anu. Aliyense ali ake mbali mwini chosiyana.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Mumadziwika chithunzi cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano mwina Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Ichi ndi wosinthasintha kwabasi umunthu nyengo. Iye anaphunzira kupenta, nyimbo, zosemasema, sayansi. Pa moyo wake, Da Vinci anali wokhoza mukupanga zinthu zambiri zimene mbali ya moyo wathu lero (njinga, parachuti, thanki ndi zina zotero). Nthawi zina zatsopano wake idatha kulephera, koma izo zinachitika chifukwa chakuti ena anatulukira, ndi zotheka kuti pasadafike.

Ambiri amadziwika, ndithudi, chifukwa cha filimu "Mona Lisa." Asayansi ambiri ali kuyang'ana pa zinsinsi zake zosiyanasiyana. Leonardo anasiya ophunzira ochepa.

Mochedwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano M'nyengo

Anali chomaliza mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano (kwa zaka 1530 kuti 1590-1620. Koma akatswiri ena kuwonjezera kwa 1630, nkhani zonse zingabuke chifukwa cha ichi).

Ku Southern Europe, pamene gululi anayamba kutuluka (kauntala), amene cholinga anali kubwezeretsa ukulu wa Mpingo wa Katolika ndi chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu. ndi apadera zonse za thupi la munthu sanali alandiridwa naye.

mikangano ambiri chifukwa chakuti chinayamba vuto la maganizo. Chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano kanjedza achipembedzo anayamba kutaya chiyanjano pakati pa munthu ndi chirengedwe, pakati pa corporeal ndi wauzimu. Zotsatira zake zakhala zikamera wa Mannerism ndi Baroque.

Chitsitsimutso mu Russia

Kubadwa Kwatsopano chikhalidwe m'madera ena kwakhudza dziko lathu. Komabe, mmene iye anali ochepa ndi mtunda mokwanira lalikulu, komanso Russian chikhalidwe ubwenzi Orthodoxy.

Wolamulira woyamba, Kubadwa Kwatsopano chinabweretsa kwa Russia anali Ivan III, amene nthawi pa mpandowachifumu anayamba kuitana amisiri Italy. Ndi kufika awo, magulu atsopano ndi umisiri yomanga. Komabe, kusintha yaikulu pa zomangamanga sizinachitike.

Mu 1475 kubwezeretsedwa kwa Mfundo Cathedral anali pachibwenzi ndi mmisiri Italy Aristotle Fioravanti. Iye Pamilunguyo miyambo Russian, koma anawonjezera kuti ukulu ntchito.

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma XVII chifukwa mphamvu ya zithunzi Kubadwa Kwatsopano Russian kukhala ziriri, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, aluso kutsatira malamulo onse akale.

Posakhalitsa, Russia anakhoza kuphunzira ndi typography. Komabe, kufalitsidwa zedi anangom'patsa m'zaka XVII. Ambiri mwa njira zamakono zimene akutulukira ku Ulaya, ndipo mofulumira kunja mu Russia, kumene bwino ndipo anakhala mbali ya mwambo. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa wina, vodika anali kunja kwa Italy, iwo kenako kusinthidwa kachitidwe, ndipo mu 1430 anaonekera Russian mabuku a kumwa.

Pomaliza

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano anapereka dziko ambiri luso ojambula zithunzi, ofufuza asayansi, Osema ndi mapulani. Kuchokera ambiri mayina tingaone amene amadziwika ndi ambiri phwando.

Anzeru ndi asayansi:

• Bruno.
• Galileo.
• Pico Della Mirandola.
• Nikolay Kuzansky.
• Machiavelli.
• Campanella.
• Paracelsus.
• Copernicus.
• Munzer.

Alembi ndi ndakatulo:

• F. Petrarca.
• Dante.
• J .. Boccaccio.
• Rabelais.
• Cervantes.
• Shakespeare.
• E. Rotterdam.

Mapulani, amisiri ndi Osema:

• Donatello.
• Leonardo da Vinci.
• N. Pisano.
• A. Rossellino.
• S. Botticelli.
• Raphael.
• Michelangelo.
• Bosch.
• Titian.
• A. Durer.

Ndithudi, izi ndi mbali yaing'ono chabe ya kanjedza wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, koma anthu awa adzakhala mwini wake kwa ambiri.