Amisiri wotchuka

Aliyense wamanga nyumba ofunika. Izi kawirikawiri anakumbukira ngakhale atapita wotchuka chifukwa cha kukongola ndi m'maganizo a nyumba. Nthawiyi, odziwika mapulani kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe zosachepera olemba ndi ojambula zithunzi. Iwo kuyamwa mfundo akuyandama mu mlengalenga, ndi kuwapatsa mawonekedwe zakuthupi. nyumba amasonyeza akamanena za chi, maganizo ake ndi nzeru wamphamvu, ndi katswiri. Za anthu, kupereka ku dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tikambirana pansipa.

inspirer wa namatetule

Amisiri otchuka kwambiri m'mbuyomu moyo imeneyi mayina awo, kupanga nyumba zazikulu, yotchuka chifukwa cha kukongola ndi Patapita zaka mazana ambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo - Giotto di Bondone. Italy wa zojambulajambula ndi wamanga, anabadwa mu 1267. Anakhala mpainiya mu luso zithunzi, maziko a sukulu ku Italy kupenta. Giotto frescoes ndi zithunzi anamusilira Leonardo da Vinci ndi Michelangelo.

Nthawi zina iye akutchedwa analembedwa ndi Chapel del m'bwalomo mu amapemphera, koma osati ofufuza onse amavomereza. Palibe kukaika kuti Giotto analenga murals kuti kukongoletsa tchalitchi. Waukulu mapulani chilengedwe mfiti - belu nsanja ya Santa Maria del Fiore, Cathedral Florence a. Giotto sanakhale moyo amalize kumanga - mu 1337, pamene iye anafa, inamangidwa yekha gawo loyamba la kukonza.

woganiza kwambiri

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Nthawi zambiri pamwamba pa mndandanda wa "mapulani chidwi dziko." Chitaliyana wotchuka anali ziboliboli, nzeru zapamwamba, wojambula ndi ndakatulo. Mwa ntchito zake mapulani kuoneka kuti Medici m'matchalitchi, Laurentian Library, wapakamwa wa mpingo wa St. Lorenzo. Mu ntchito zake anamanga Aroma Palace ya Senators ndi Palace ya osafuna kusintha. Mu kamangidwe ka nyumba izi Michelangelo ntchito dongosolo lalikulu ndi dzanja lake kuwala ndipo analowa otchuka. The wamanga ntchito pa dongosolo la Cathedral wotchuka St. Peter ku Rome. Today Michelangelo moyenerera amatchedwa mmodzi wa ambuye kwambiri pa mbiri ya anthu.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

mapulani wotchuka wa Italy sikuthetsa kumeneko. Michelangelo ankaona m'malo mwa Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Iye sanali kokha munthu wamanga komanso ziboliboli ndi zojambulajambula. Bernini kusiyana ndi luso kuphatikiza mitundu itatu luso, kupanga zithunzi danga umodzi. Pamodzi ndi Francesco Borromini ndi Pietro da Cortona, iye maziko a Nyumba Baroque.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za Bernini - Square ntchito Petulo Woyera. Zipilala kutsogolo kwa chinyumba zake zotchuka - komanso brainchild wa katswiri wa zomangamanga. Anagwira nyumba aboma ndi achipembedzo. Pamene munakonza Bernini otsiriza zambiri ndimagwiritsa ntchito chobisika magwero kuwala kumapangitsanso kuganiza opangidwa ndi utumiki. Iye ndi woyambitsa ambiri akasupe Roma, popanda zomwe n'zovuta kuyerekezera City Wamuyaya.

Palladianets wa Adams mzera

Tsopano kusamutsa chitsanzo kwa Scotland cha m'ma XVIII. Apa mu 1728 anabadwa Robert Adamu, m'modzi wa ophunzira ofunika a classicism British. Iye anali wa palladiantsev mafumu, oyambirira otsatira classicism pa zomangamanga. Kumanga mbali kalembedwe anali chosokonekera okhwima ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, unakhazikitsidwa mu nthawi ya kalekale.

Adam zolengedwa ndi yapadera kuzindikira zolemba. Iwo yodziwika ndi lightness ndi kukongola, kawirikawiri yatsoka neogothic zinthu. Wazomangamanga anayambitsa otchedwa kalembedwe Adamu. Iye anali wokhoza kuti kuphatikiza zinthu zofunika classicism mosavuta ngati, ngati kwa nthawi yaitali anakhala pakati ntchito wakale ndi kudziwa momwe ndikuganiza ndiAmene ake.

Izo anapulumuka mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi ochepa mapulani katswiri wa Adamu. Ena mwa iwo paokha nyumba Kedleston Hall pafupi ndi tauni ya Derby. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, wazomangamanga ntchito makamaka Edinburgh. Mu ntchito zake inamangidwa nyumba yunivesite mu mzindawo.

Wotchuka Russian mapulani

Ndipo mu dziko lathu, za nthawi yomweyo ntchito Vasily Bazhenov. Zomangamanga theorist, mphunzitsi ndi wojambula, iye ankaikira classicism namanga maziko a zoyerekeza Russian. Bazhenov analenga ena nyumba chidwi Moscow ndi St. Petersburg. Imodzi mwa nyumba wotchuka likulu lero - Pashkov House - kumangidwa ndi mamangidwe ake. Lero pafupifupi sichinali ntchito Bazhenov.

A wamanga woyamba wa St. Petersburg anakhala Domenico Trezzini. Iye anauziramo moyo watsopano mu zomangamanga Russian, kubweretsa izo mwambo European. Trezzini ndi mlembi ambiri nyumba kuti kulenga maonekedwe bwino wa St. Petersburg kwa ife. Zikuphatikizapo Chilimwe Palace la Peter Wamkulu, Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral, khumi koleji nyumba imene yunivesite lili lero.

Mu St. Petersburg, mu zaka osiyana ntchito ndi otchuka Russian mapulani Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov, Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, Mihail Grigorevich Zemtsov ndi ena. Otsiriza awa anali mwana wasukulu Trezzini. Zemtsov anakhala munthu woyamba Russian wamanga wa mzindawo pa Neva. Pakati analenga kumayambiriro Baroque uli Mpingo wa St. Simeoni ndi Anna, kugwa "Gold Mountain" m'munsi Peterhof Park, Anichkov Palace polojekiti kwathunthu anamangidwanso pambuyo Chiwalitsiro Cathedral moto.

Soviet mapulani

Ambiri mapulani otchuka Labor ndi USSR. Mu malo rationalists ndi, lotsogoledwa ndi Nikolai Ladovsky, kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa Kudziwa kutchukitsa ndi nyimbo anabwera constructivists amene ndinaganiza za aesthetization zimagwirira ntchito zofunika. oimira chabwino cha yotsirizira anali Vecino abale. A chizindikiro kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a Moscow kumanzere Mihail Vasilevich Posohin, poyamba wamanga mkulu wa likulu ku 60 80 kumayambiriro. Uyamiko kwa Iye, anaonekera mu mzinda Palace ya Congresses, CMEA nyumba, masewera ovuta "Olympic" ndi zina zotero.

initiators wa kalembedwe

Home ya mapulani zotchuka nthawi athu ndi osiyana ndi ntchito za otsiriza Akasakaniza. Ngati kalembedwe mayadi kumbuyo kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi masiku ano kudziwa ndithu chabe, nyumba lero zambiri kuphatikiza zinthu ku madera osiyana. Komabe, eclecticism anabadwa mu zingalowe: izi wakhala kuwonjezekeredwa mbali ya masitaelo, ambiri mwa apanga m'zaka lomaliza.

Chimodzi mwa malangizo otchuka kwambiri pa zomangamanga - zamakono. Mpainiya kalembedwe zambiri amatchedwa Norman oterewa (b. 1935) komanso "Bureau of anayi." Iye analenga ndege ku Hong Kong, "Millennium" mlatho ndi Gherkin mu London. Pomanga ntchito otsiriza otchedwa diso mwakuchita Russian wamanga Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939), amene oterewa, anavomereza kuti, asamalira fano lake. Shukhov atalenga wathu mapaipi mafuta dziko ndi ayenga. Ntchito kwa iwo kumangira nyumba, zitsulo mauna chipolopolo patapita kanthawi kukhala mbali ndiwotani wa oimira zamakono. Bureau oterewa m'njira yomanga Russia: kumanganso kwa chilumba cha New Holland, tsopano tikukonza wa MIBC "Moscow-City".

Mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe

Mosiyana ndi moni zamakono, nalemekeza ukulu wa patsogolo luso, kalembedwe limapereka zamera-chatekinoloje kulenga nyumba, osati kutsutsana ndi chirengedwe, ndi kuti tipitirize izo. Ambiri odziwika mapulani a lero amalipira msonkho kwa mfundo imeneyi. woyambitsa The akuti ndi kalembedwe Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Ambiri mwa ntchito za wotchuka Spanish wamanga inali ku Barcelona. ntchito yake - Güell Palace, Casa chikats, Casa Batllo - sikutheka kusokoneza ndi chilichonse. Iwo ankawoneka kuti anali ndi moyo ndi kuyendayenda. Kudzoza kwa mbuye anali chikhalidwe. Choncho, wapadera fluidity nyumba, kupanda mizere molunjika, akalumikidzidwa zachilendo ndi zithunzi. Mu ntchito zidakali chilili m'nyumba ya Banja Woyera, pamaso kooneka ngati mchenga m'linga.

Mtima wofuna mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe - khalidwe limene amadziwika ndi ntchito za mapulani wotchuka amene amaonedwa otsatira a Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Iye chimodzi cha kanjedza otchuka mu Nyumba yachilendo. Reith analenga maganizo "zomangamanga organic." Malingaliro chapakati chiphunzitso akhala okhulupirika ndi mgwirizano ndi zachilengedwe. Nyumba ndi Wright, ndi kupitiriza kwa chilengedwe, iwo yodziwika ndi lotseguka-dongosolo, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zachilengedwe, kapangidwe anabwereka akachisi wakale Japanese.

Chimakono ndi functionalism

Palibe chithunzi zazing'ono ndi Le Korbyuze (1887-1965). Analengedwa ndi ntchito za mmisiri French anapereka dziko zomangamanga modernist ndi functionalism. Pomangira Le Korbyuze sikovuta kuphunzira. Iwo yodziwika ndi mayunitsi volumetric, anakweza pamwamba pansi, padenga, masitepe, ankaona okwera, otchedwa ufulu mawonekedwe. mbali zonsezi mwamsanga mbali ya zomangamanga ano.

Kumene, mndandanda pamwamba si onse odziwika mapulani. Ofotokoza yaitali kwambiri, ndi mndandanda wa nthawi zonse zatsopano. mapulani wotchuka nthawi imene tikukhala, nthawi zambiri awulule zolengedwa za ambuye zakale, zopanda chilungamo kuwasamalira.