Taiping Kupanduka ku China zaka 1850-1864

Taiping Kupanduka ku China (1850-1864 gg.) - mmodzi wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko. Zomwe zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha ku Alimi 'nkhondo ndi mmene chochitika bwanji pofuna kukwaniritsa boma? Werengani za izo.

China madzulo a kugalukira ndi

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX, China walowa nthawi yamavuto kwambiri, zomwe wakafika muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu. mawonetseredwe ndale anayamba kuculuka antimanchzhurskih amaganiza (kuyambira cha m'ma XVIII. Anali mphamvu Qing Mafumu, kutsogozedwa ndi mafumu Manchurian) ndi kuwuka kwa zigawenga. mavutowo anatha chifukwa yaikulu ya "kutseka" a dziko malonda ndi amalonda British ndi Indian. China mwini-kudzipatula kwachititsa kuti Choyamba Opium nkhondo ndi Britain. Chifukwa cha zochita aukali wa mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi malamulo a "kutseka" waloledwa itatha. China anayamba mu theka-njuchi.

Kugonjetsedwa mu Choyamba Opium nkhondo ndi zina yogwira kulowerera mu chuma cha dziko la likulu yachilendo kuti kuchichepetsa kutchuka kwa ufumu wa kulamulira. Ndipo anali pa nthawi ino China, chikuni latsopano oppositional mfundo, amene ankaona bambo wa Hun Syutsyuan.

Malingaliro a Taiping

Hun Syutsyuan - ndi ideologist yaikulu ya gulu Taiping. Iye anabadwa mu 1813 pafupi Guangzhou. bambo ake linali losauka boma Chinese. Mtsogoleri tsogolo la kupanduka Taiping mobwerezabwereza anayesa kupereka kulemba mayeso wapadera kudzaza boma. Komabe, zoyesayesa ake onse analephera. Inali nthawi maphunziro ake Guangzhou, anakumana ndi maganizo Mkhristu amene amatenga kudutsa mu dziko mu zinthu utumwi European. Hun Syutsyuan anayamba kuphunzira chipembedzo sankadziwa. Kale mu 1843 analenga la Akristu amatchedwa "Society ya atate wakumwamba."

Taganizirani mfundo yaikulu ya ziphunzitso za Hong Xiuquan.

1. Izo zinali zochokera chithunzithunzi cha Utatu Woyera. Pa nthawi yomweyo Hun Syutsyuan yekha m'gulu kapangidwe kake monga m'bale wamng'ono wa Yesu Khristu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zochita zonse alandire monga "mapeto a Mulungu."
2. Hong Xiuquan komanso anapempha zoti Mkhristu wa "ufumu wa Mulungu." Ndi chofanana akale mfundo Chinese za "anthu basi." Pa nkhani imeneyi, Taiping Amaonetsa lingaliro la kufanana ndi fraternity.
3. Mbali khalidwe la Taiping mfundo Anali antimanchuzhrskaya lathu. Mu ulaliki wake, ananena kuti Qing mafumu kuti awonongedwa. Komanso, Taiping anaitana anthu onse thupi la Manchuria.
4. Otsatira a Hong Xiuquan anatsutsa Chikomfyushani ndi zipembedzo zina zina, koma nthawi yomweyo Anabwereka iwo maganizo ena (mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la "kwa makolo kupembedza").
5. Cholinga chachikulu cha bungweli - chilengedwe cha Taiping Tiangui (Akumwamba kwambiri moyo boma).

Chiyambi cha kugalukira ndi periodization

M'chaka cha 1850 anayamba Tszintyanskoe kugalukira. Taiping ankaona zinthu pa dziko nyengo kanthu lotseguka ndi boma, limene lotsogoledwa ndi Mafumu Qing. 10 chikwi. Zigawenga anaikira m'dera la m'mudzi Tszintyan m'chigawo chakumwera Guangxi.

January 11, 1850 inali yololedwa analengeza chiyambi cha kugalukira ndi.

Mu gawo loyamba la nkhondo Taiping Cholinga makamaka kumasula China. Qing (mafumu omwe analamulira kuno kwa zaka zoposa 100) anatsimikizidwa mdani ndipo ayenera awonongedwa.

Ambiri, akatswiri amavomereza kuti Taiping Kupanduka ku China mapazi ake chitukuko 4 chachikulu:

Fezi 1 chimakwirira 1850-1853 biennium. Izi nthawi kopambana wa asilikali Taiping. Mu September 1851 iye analanda mzinda wa Yunan. Ndi apa kuti maziko anaikidwa wa Taiping State.

Gawo 2 - 1853-1856. Chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano ya kulimbana m'pamene adani opandukawo mzinda wa Nanjing. Pa nthawi imeneyi, Taiping anatumiza mphamvu yaikulu mu kukula kwa dziko.

3 pamene wamba Nkhondo China unakhala kuchokera 1856 mpaka 1860. Pa nthawi chinachitikira pamodzi Chachiwiri Opium nkhondo.

Gawo 4 chimakwirira zaka 1860-1864. Iye zinali zodzaza ndi lotseguka alowererepo lankhondo la mphamvu Western ku China ndi Hong Xiuquan kudzipha.

Gawo loyamba la nkhondo

Mu 1851, Taiping kupita kumpoto kwa Guangxi. Apa iwo wotanganidwa mzinda wa Yunan, kumene kukhazikitsa boma lake.

Pa mutu wa boma latsopano anali Yan Syutsin. Iye anatenga ntchito pamwamba "East Akalonga" (as analandira udindo wa "kamwa ya Mulungu") ndi anaikira mu manja awo utsogoleli ndi utsogoleri wa asilikali. Komanso, mutu wa boma zinali Taiping 3 Prince (West - Xiao Chaoguy, Northern - Wei Chanhuey ndi South - Feng Yunshan) ndi Wothandizira Shi bakha.

Mu December 1852 ndi Taiping asilikali anasamukira pambuyo pake kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze, kum'mawa kwa dziko. Mu January 1853 adakhoza kutenga dera pamalo abwino zofunika - Tri Wuhan, yomwe inaphatikizapo mizinda monga Wuchang, Hanyang ndi Hankou. The Kupambana kwa asilikali a asilikali Taiping ndinayamba kutchuka kwa Hong Xiuquan maganizo pakati am'deralo, kotero chiwerengero cha kupanduka mowirikiza kudzadza. Ndi 1853, chiwerengero cha anthu opanduka wakhala kuposa 500 zikwi. Man.

Pambuyo pa adani a Tricity Wuhan zigawenga zambiri asilikali anasamukira ku chigawo Anhui ndipo watenga mizinda yake yofunika kwambiri.

Mu March 1853 Taiping anadzasokoneza imodzi yaikulu mizinda Chinese wa Nanjing, kenako unakhala likulu la chikhalidwe chawo. Chochitika ichi chinali mapeto a loyamba ndi gawo lachiwiri la wamba nkhondo.

Gulu la State Taiping

Wamba Nkhondo China inayamba mu 1850, ndipo patatha chaka kum'mwera kwa dziko lisanalengedwe Taiping State. Taganizirani mfundo ya gulu lake mwatsatanetsatane.

• Kuyambira 1853 boma likulu mzinda wa Nanjing.
• Pa chipangizo Taiping Tiangui anali mafumu.
• Malinga ndi khalidwe - boma lateokalaseli (opandukawo analimbikira pa pophatikizana zonse za mpingo ndi boma mabungwe).
• Zambiri za anthu amenewa anali anthu wamba. zofunika zawo zambiri kuyendetsedwa ndi boma.
• Mutu mwadzina la boma akukhulupirira Hun Syutsyuan, koma pafupifupi mphamvu zonse anali m'manja mwa "Kalonga wa East" ndi "mthenga wa Mulungu" Yan Syutsina.

zofunika chikalata lotchedwa "System ya Mafumu Akumwamba Land" linasindikizidwa mu 1853. Ndipotu iye anakhala Constitution la Taiping utangoyamba boma. Lamulo limeneli limati osati zaulimi mfundo chimango, komanso mfundo za kapangidwe loyang'anira dziko.

"System Dziko la Mafumu Akumwamba 'mophatikizapo gulu paramilitary m'madera banjalo. Choncho, aliyense 25 wamba mabanja ankapereka m'dera osiyana. munthu anayenera usilikali banja lililonse.

Kuyambira m'chilimwe cha 1850 chilengedwe Taiping wakhazikitsa dongosolo otchedwa "anawasema wopatulika." Awa, apanduwo ndi mabanja awo chakudya, ndalama ndi zovala. "Yosungirako Opatulika" kudzadza ndi zofunkha pankhondoyo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, umwini payekha inaletsedwa ku Taiping State.

The watsopano Constitution la Taiping boma zoona, loto la wamba za kufanana ndi Kupha wambiri apamtunda wa nzika za. Komabe, chikalata ichi linalembedwa mu "buku" chilankhulo chosadziwika kwa ambiri a anthu. N'chifukwa chake Constitution sanakhaliretu maziko a atsogoleri mfundo yeniyeni ya kupanduka Taiping.

Gawo lachiwiri la nkhondo

Taiping kugalukira ayamba mphamvu zatsopano kuyambira 1853. Kuyambira wa chigawo chatsopano cha nkhondo chinali adani a opandukawo wa mzinda waukulu China Nanjing. Nthawi imeneyi, Taiping kumenyana zovuta kukuza malire a boma lake utangoyamba kumene.

Mu May 1853 anaganiza kukhazikitsa kumpoto ulendo. cholinga chake chachikulu chinali adani a Beijing - likulu la China. Kumpoto ulendo anatumizidwa makamu awiri. Mu June, mwambo silinakwaniritsidwe adani Huaytsiya. asilikali Komanso linasamukira ku chigawo cha Shanxi, ndiyeno - Zhili.

Mu October, Taiping asilikali anabwera kwa Tianjin (kumudzi otsiriza panjira yopita ku Beijing). Komabe, ndi nthawi iyi asilikali anatengera wofooka. Komanso, aakulu chisanu anabwera. Taiping sadalole yekha ndi kuzizira, komanso kusowa chakudya. Taiping asilikali anataya asilikali ambiri. Izi zonse zinachititsa kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa opandukawo mu kumpoto ulendo. Mu February 1854 asilikali anasiya m'chigawo cha Tianjin.

Ndipotu, onse North ndi West anayamba ndawala asilikali Taiping. magulu ankhondo oukira kutsogoleredwa ndi Shi bakha. Cholinga cha ntchito imeneyi anali kukuza malire a boma Taiping kumadzulo kwa Nanjing ndi kulanda madera atsopano pa malire pakati pa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Mu June, opandukawo anakwanitsa atengenso anataya pamaso mzinda wa Anqing, ndipo kenako - ndi zinthu zina zofunika. M'nyengo yozizira 1855, Shi Dakaya asilikali kachiwiri anapambana mzinda Tricity Wuhan.

Nthawi zambiri, njira Western wakhala bwino kwa Taiping. Malire a boma kwambiri kukodzedwa kumadzulo kwa likulu la Nanjing.

The vuto la Taiping State

Ngakhale angapo nkhondo bwino, mu 1855, mavuto anayamba m'chigawo utangoyamba, amene yokutidwa mbali zonse za anthu. Taiping Kupanduka kuphimba dera lonse ndipo anakumana ndi thandizo lalikulu otchuka. Koma atsogoleri ake alephera kukhazikitsa ambiri mapulani ake, ndipo boma anali Constituion, pakati pake penipeni, ndi zosatheka.

Panthawi imeneyi, chiwerengero cha akalonga kwambiri. Mu 1856, iwo anali atapita kale 4 ndi zoposa 200. Komanso, atsogoleri Taiping anayamba kuchoka wamba yosavuta. Ndi pakati pa nkhondo ya kufanana chilengedwe ndi fraternity, palibe amene analankhula.

Crisis anamenyedwa ndi dongosolo kwambiri za boma. Ndipotu Taiping anawononga dongosolo lakale boma ndipo m'malo analephera bungwe dongosolo yoyenera. Pa nthawi imeneyi kulimbikitsa kusiyana pakati pa olamulira. The apogee izi anali kulanda boma. Usiku wa pa September 2, 1860 Yan Syutsin ndi banja lake aphedwe. Iye popanga dziko funde la mantha. Anawonongedwa osati kokha olimbikitsa Yan Syutsina ndi zina Vanir (Shi Dakaya). zokhumba A September 2, 1860 anali panasinthira zinthu m'mbiri ya Alimi 'nkhondo ndi chinali chiyambi cha gawo chachitatu.

Chachiwiri Opium Nkhondo

Chiyambi cha Mbali yachitatu ya nkhondo yolimbana ndi Taiping Manchurian mafumu chinali Chachiwiri Opium nkhondo. Taiping Kupanduka nthawi iyi anataya mphamvu yake, ndipo boma latsopano anakakamizika kukhala moyo mu zinthu mokwiya asilikali a m'mayiko a Azungu.

Chifukwa inayamba maudani kumangidwa kwa British "Mivi Yanu" chiwiya China.

Mu 1857, ophatikizana Anglo-French asilikali wotanganidwa Guangzhou. Patapita chaka chimodzi, iwo wotanganidwa Tianjin - mfundo pamalo abwino zofunika, limene lili kumalire a Beijing.

Tianjin pangano mtendere Mukalowa mu 1858. Qing Mafumu anakakamizika capitulate. Komabe, pamaso pa ratification wa pangano mtendere Mfumu ya China waneneratu kupitiriza nkhondo.

Mu August 1860 ndi Anglo-French asilikali reoccupied Tianjin. Nkhondo kunachitika pa September 21 pa Baliqiao mlatho (chigawo Tongzhou). Asilikali Chinese anagonjetsedwa. Mu October 1860, ophatikizana Anglo-French asilikali anafika Beijing. Boma Chinese anakakamizidwa kuyamba zokambirana.

Convention Beijing yosainidwa pa 25 October 1860. Apeza chachikulu ndi dongosolo zotsatirazi:

1. Britain ndi France analandira ufulu wonse kwa kukhazikitsa akazembe awo Beijing.
2. China inatsegulidwa malonda yachilendo 5 madoko latsopano.
3. Alendo (amalonda ndi oimira) anapatsidwa ufulu wopita momasuka m'dziko lonselo.
4. Tianjin anatsimikizidwa ndi mzinda lotseguka.

Mbali chachinayi ndipo kumalizidwa kwa kugalukira ndi

Taiping Kupanduka mu 1860-1864 gg. Papita kwambiri. Komanso, boma latsopano anakakamizika kupita ku nkhondo yogwira chitetezo. Nthawi chachinayi cha wamba Nkhondo China amakhala ndi kusintha kwa US, Britain ndi France kutsegula alowererepo asilikali dziko.

Kumayambiriro 60 ntchentche., Ngakhale kufooka wa asilikali, Taiping adakwanitsa kupambana nambala ya kupambana lalikulu. Asilikali motsogozedwa Lee Syuchena anapita Zigawo Maritime. Apa adakhoza kupambana madoko akuluakulu - mzinda Huangzhou ndi malo ena a Zhejiang ndi Jiangsu. Komanso, Taiping anapanga yokopa awiri Shanghai. Komabe, analanda mzindawo alephela.

Mu 1861 iye unkatchedwa amanyansidwa mphamvu potsimikizira-chosintha.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, England, France ndi United States anasamukira ku alowererepo lotseguka motsutsa Taiping. Mu 1863, Gombe kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze anali kulamulira ufumu wa Qing. Taiping ndiye anali kuti achoke onse a Zigawo Maritime.

Mu 1864, magulu Manchurian Nanjing atazunguliridwa ndi thandizo la asilikali Western. Chifukwa, anawawononga oposa 100 zikwi. Taiping. mzinda anayamba chilala choopsa.

Hun Syutsyuan anazindikira chiyembekezo nkhaniyi ndipo anadzipha. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, utsogoleri wa chitetezo cha Nanking inalandidwa ndi Lee Syuchena. Mu July 1864 asilikali lachifumu yakuwadzudzumisa mpanda wa mzinda ndi anadzasokoneza likulu la Taiping Tiangui. Kodi Syuchenu ndi gulu laling'ono anakwanitsa kusiya Nanjing. Komabe, pambuyo anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa.

Choncho, 1864 ndi Taiping nkhondo zinatha. mphamvu yaikulu zinawonongedwa ndi kuphedwa atsogoleri a kugalukira lapansi. M'matumba otsiriza kukaniza asilikali lachifumu wolapadi 1868.

Zotsatira ndi zotsatira za Alimi 'Nkhondo

Pakuti Qing Mafumu Taiping Kupanduka anali mantha aakulu. Ndi chimene chinasokoneza maziko a dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndi chuma. Anawononga mizinda ndi madoko akuluakulu chiwembu zinachititsa kuti ziwonongeke a anthu Chinese.

Taiping Tiangui anali kuyesera kwambiri chikhalidwe, imene misa wamba ankagwira.

Wamba nkhondo komanso kunathandiza kwambiri pa zinthu za Mafumu Qing. pamalo ake dziko logwedezeka ndi anataya thandizo la anthu. Kupondereza zionetsero misa osankhika chigamulo anakakamizidwa kupempha thandizo kwa nzika lalikulu. Izi zapangitsa kulimbitsa ndi udindo wa nzika za. Motero, fuko Han (Chinese) akhala kwambiri ndi zinthu poyendetsa dziko, ndipo chiwerengero cha Manchur utachepa mu zida boma. 60-ntchentche. mu China pali kulimbitsa magulu dera. Komanso kumabweretsa chifooke udindo wa boma.

Komanso pakati pa XIX m'ma m'mbiri ya China zinali zodzaza ndi chiwerengero cha zipolowe aakulu.

Kuposa zaka 18 nkhondo chinatenga Miao mu Guizhou m'deralo. Mu 1862 anayamba ndi kugalukira lalikulu Dungan anthu, kuti kusesa m'chigawo cha Shaanxi ndi Gansu. Mu 1855, m'chigawo Yunnan a nkhondo odana ndi boma kunabuka. Kuthandiza pa zinatengera Hui amati Islam. kuukira onsewa akhala akuthandiza kwambiri pa dalyneshee chitukuko cha China ndiponso unansi wake ndi m'mayiko a Azungu.