Konstantin Ushinsky: yochepa yonena

Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich wotchuka kwambiri ngati tate wa pedagogy Russian, ndipo kenako wolemba. Komabe, moyo wa munthu uyu luso sikunali motalika, matenda adamtenga iye mbanbvu yace yonsene, iye anali afulumira ntchito ndi kuchita kwa ena mmene ndingathere. Mu 1867 iye anabwerera kwawo kuchokera ku Europe, ndipo Patapita zaka zingapo, mu 1871 (New kalendala), anafa, iye anali ndi zaka 47 zokha.

Konstantin Ushinsky kwenikweni anapangidwa kwa Russia kwambiri. loto lake mokhudza wolembedwa mu zolemba zake kuchokera mnyamata, anali kukhala zothandiza kwa Lathu. Yoyenera analeredwa ndi maphunziro a achinyamata ndi kupatulira moyo wake kwa mwamuna uyu.

Konstantin Ushinsky: yochepa yonena

Kostya anabadwa mu Tula pa February 19 1823 mu banja la fuko lomveka - msilikali adapuma, msirikali wakale wa Nkhondo ya 1812. Wambiri Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich akusonyeza kuti iye anakhala mwana m'tauni ya Novgorod-Seversky, yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Chernigov, mu malo ka makolo ake, pamene bambo ake anali kutumizidwa kukagwira ntchito monga woweruza. mayi ake anamwalira m'banda, pa nthawi anali ndi zaka 12.

Nditamaliza maphunziro ku sukulu ya galamala m'dera Constantine anadzakhala wophunzira wa chilamulo mphamvu ya University Moscow. Anamaliza ulemu. Patatha zaka ziwiri anakhala akuchita pulofesa cameral sayansi Lyceum mu Yaroslavl.

Komabe, ntchito yake wanzeru ankafunika mwamsanga - mu 1849. Ushinsky zipolopolo kuti "zipolowe" pakati pa ophunzira, izi zinathandiza kuti maganizo ake pang'onopang'ono.

Chiyambi cha yophunzitsa

Konstantin Ushinsky anakakamizika ntchito pa maudindo ang'onoang'ono malamulo mu Unduna Woona za Internal. zochitika zawo ngati sanakhutire ndipo ngakhale kuipidwa (za izo mu zolemba zake analemba yekha).

Chisangalalo chachikulu cha wolemba ochokera ku ntchito mabuku magazini "Library kwa Kuwerenga" ndi "Contemporary", amene anayika nkhani zawo, Mabaibulo kuchokera English ndi kubwerezanso zipangizo lofalitsidwa pa TV kusindikiza yachilendo.

Mu 1854, Konstantin Ushinsky akuyamba ntchito monga mphunzitsi, ndiye Woyang'anira wa Gatchina wamasiye Institute, kumene kumaonekera monga mphunzitsi wabwino, katswiri pa maziko a maphunziro ndi maphunziro.

Kuthi

Mothandizidwa kuyenda umoyo-pedagogical mu 1857-1858 biennium. Ushinsky analemba mu "Journal of Education" ena mwa nkhani zake, amene anasandutsa mu moyo wake, anadza kwa iye mwakamodzi ulamuliro ndi ulemerero.

Mu 1859 anaikidwa Inspector wa Smolny Institute for Noble Atsikana. Bungwe otchuka, amene kugwirizana ndi banja lachifumu, pamene mlengalenga wotukuka wa osyasyalika ndi servility. maphunziro onse kunachitidwa mu mzimu wa makhalidwe abwino achikristu omwe pamapeto pake anatsika ku inculcation khalidwe boma, kulambira boma tsarist ndi osachepera chidziwitso chenicheni.

kusintha

Ushinsky lina anakhala anayambitsa kusintha ngakhale kulimbikira kwa aphunzitsi reactionary, anayambitsa dongosolo maphunziro atsopano. Tsopano, nkhani yaikulu inali Chirasha ndi mabuku, komanso sayansi. Pa maphunziro a sayansi ndi umagwirira zatsopano anayambitsa, monga mfundo zithunzi kuphunzira anathandizapo pa kuloŵerera bwino ndi kumvetsa nkhani. Pa nthawi imeneyo, tinaitanidwa kuti aphunzitsi abwino - Achimethodisti mabuku, malo, mbiri, etc., ndipo Vodovozov VI, Semenov D. D., Semevskiy M. I ...

Njira chidwi anali oyamba a zaka ziwiri kalasi pedagogical sekondale pa makalasi asanu ndi bwino kukonzekera ana pa ntchito zothandiza. Umachititsanso kutsatira ntchito pedagogical a misonkhano ndi misonkhano aphunzitsi. Ana ali ndi ufulu kupuma pa tchuthi ndi maholide ndi makolo.

Zochitika zonsezi anasangalala kwambiri Constantine Ushinsky. Wambiri ana khalani ndi chidwi choona kuti anali kwa iwo amene analemba nkhani zochuluka chidwi ndi nkhani.

ana anthology

Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu 1861, iwo unalengedwa Ushinsky anthology "World Ana" pa chinenero cha Chirasha kwa sukulu ya pulayimale mu magawo awiri, omwe pamodzi, ndi nkhani za sayansi zachilengedwe.

Mu 1860-1861 gg. iye chinkhoswe mu kusintha kwa "Journal kwa Utumiki wa Education Public", kwathunthu kusintha uninteresting ndi youma pulogalamu ndipo amautembenuzira iwo mu sayansi-pedagogical magazini.

Nthawi yanga yonse laperekedwa kwa nkhani iyi, Bambo Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Mwachidule mbiri zikusonyeza kuti ntchito yake anabweretsa kwambiri phindu kwa anthu. Iye analemba ndi ayika magazini zokwanira Nkhani reactionary. Pakuti willfulness wolemba kuzibweza. Iwo anayamba hounding anzake ankamunena kusadalirika ndale ndi freethinking.

Ulendo ku Europe

Mu 1862, iye anachotsedwa ku Institute Smolny. Ndiyeno boma tsarist amamutumiza iye kunja pa ulendo wautali ndi kafukufuku Loona za maphunziro akazi. Ushinsky amaona ulendo buku.

Komabe, amayesetsa, akuyendayenda onse ndi chidwi ndi kukaona mayiko a ku Ulaya. Mu Switzerland, makamaka mosamala kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha maphunziro a kupulayimale. apeza ndi generalizations Constantine Ushinsky ndi buku kwa m'kalasi kuwerenga "Native Mawu" ndi Buku maphunziro izo. Ndiye akukonzekera mabuku awiri "munthu monga mutu wa maphunziro" ndi kusonkhanitsa zipangizo zonse wachitatu.

Matenda ndi mavuto

Mu zaka zapitazo, wakhala anali ngati chithunzi anthu. Iye nkhani zambiri za masukulu Sunday ndi masukulu a ana a osema, anali membala wa msonkhano pedagogical mu Crimea. Mu 1870 mu Simferopol, anapita sukulu zingapo ndi mofunitsitsa anakumana ndi aphunzitsi ndi ana awo.

Mmodzi mwa aphunzitsi IP Derkachev anakumbukira kuti m'chilimwe cha 1870 Ushinsky kubwerera kwawo ku Crimea ku mudzi Bogdanka Glukhovski County (Chernihiv dera) Ndikufuna kuitana pa mnzake Na Corfu Katerinoslavshchina, koma sakanakhoza kuchita izo. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa chakhala ozizira, ndiyeno imfa ya mwana wake woyamba, Paulo. Kenako Ushinsky anasamuka ndi banja lake kukhala Kiev ndipo anagula nyumba Tarasovskaya. Ndipo pomwepo anatuma ana ake kuti asagwidwe mwa Crimea. Pa njira Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich kwambiri chimfine ndipo akuima Odessa mankhwala, koma posakhalitsa kufa, anali mu January, 1871 (New kalendala). Iye anaikidwa mu Kiev Vydubychi obisika.

Beloveds Ushinsky

Mkazi K. D. Ushinskogo anakhala Nadezhda Semenovna Doroshenko. Iye anakomana iye kubwerera ku Novgorod-Seversky. Iye anali wa m'banja wakale Cossack. Ushinsky mkazi m'chilimwe cha 1851 pa ulendo malonda mu mzinda. Iwo anali ndi ana asanu.

Mwana Vera (mwamuna wa Poteau) mu Kiev pa ndalama zake anatsegula chachimuna City College, dzina lake polemekeza bambo ake. Mwana wachiwiri wa Chiyembekezo ndi ndalama ku ntchito ya bambo ake analenga kusukulu ya pulayimale ya kumudzi Bogdanka, kumene ankakhala pa nthawi Ushinsky.