Kodi kutumikiridwa Stalin Prize? wopambana Stalin Prize

nzika Soviet, amene akwaniritsa bwino kwambiri mmunda uliwonse wa ntchito, amalimbikitsidwa ndi mphoto yaikulu ya dzikolo. Stalin Prize anadalira amene ukasintha bwino njira yopanga, komanso ndiAmene mfundo sayansi, umisiri, zitsanzo za luso (mabuku, zisudzo, mafilimu a kanema zithunzi, zosemasema, zomangamanga).

Iosif Stalin

Panali mphoto dzina la mtsogoleri kwa zaka khumi ndi zitatu - kuchokera 1940 mpaka 1953, ndipo unakhazikitsidwa pang'ono kale - mu December 1939. Stalin Prize analibe ndalama boma, laureates kuwathandiza ndi I. V. Stalina kwa malipiro wake, amene anali monga mwa udindo waukulu - malo ake awiri analipira rubles zikwi khumi pa mwezi.

Foundation Prize ndipo anali malipiro kwa buku la mabuku a mtsogoleri mu USSR ndi kunja, amenenso anali ambiri ndipo malipiro panthawiyo anali m'malo aakulu (Alexey Tolstoy ngakhale anakhala munthu woyamba Soviet miliyoneya). Stalin Prize anachotsa ndalama zambiri, pafupifupi. N'chifukwa chake pambuyo pa imfa ya mtsogoleri wa ake buku ndalama anakhalabe paltry ndalama - rubles mazana asanu ndi anai, pamene malipiro pafupifupi antchito zambiri upambana mazana asanu ndi awiri.

nkhani

Mu 1939, mu December, izo mwalamulo phwando la chikumbutso sixtieth mtsogoleri, ndi ulemu wa mwambo umenewu panali mphoto dzina lake. Mu February 1940, kale CPC anaganiza kukhazikitsa rubles zikwi zana Prize (digiri 1), zikwi makumi asanu (2 digiri), ndipo rubles twente-faifi thousand (kalasi 3) chifukwa cha ntchito yabwino zolembalemba (prose, ndakatulo, sewero, zolembalemba kutsutsa) komanso patsogolo zina luso. Komanso, chaka ndi chaka mphoto zizindikiro kanjedza amene adzipangira chopereka wapadera kwa sayansi, luso ndi gulu kupanga chikhalidwe.

Mu 1941 Stalin Prize chinaperekedwa kwa opindula woyamba kwambiri. Lembani chiwerengero kupereka wa Stalin Prize anakhala sv Ilyushin, ndege wotchuka, kasanu zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro mwapadera a mtsogoleri. kasanu ndi kamodzi analandira mphoto Opanga filimuyi Yu. A. Rayzman ndi I. A. Pyrev wolemba K. Simonov, ndege mlengi A. S. Yakovlev, wolemba S. S. Prokofev ndi ena. Ammayi Marina Ladynina ndi Alla Tarasova anakhala zisanu nthawi wopambana wa Stalin Prize.

Bungweli

Stalin Prize wa USSR (poyamba wotchedwa Stalin Prize) inakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo awiri. Commissars Twentieth December 1939 Anthu inalamula kuti: sikisitini mphoto wapachaka wa Stalin (100 zikwi) mphoto ya Science ndi Art ntchito kwambiri m'madera a: luso, thupi ndi masamu, zamoyo mankhwala, mankhwala, ulimi, chuma, nzeru zaumunthu, malamulo ndi m'mbiri komanso philological Sciences, kupenta, nyimbo, zosemasema, zisudzo, zojambulajambula, zomangamanga, mafilimu a kanema.

Inakhazikitsidwa monga mphatso khumi a mlingo woyamba, makumi awiri - chachiwiri ndi makumi atatu - digiri chachitatu kuyambitsa bwino, kuphatikiza atatu a digiri mphoto yoyamba, asanu - ndipo khumi chachiwiri - lachitatu digiri kwa zinthu zazikulu m'munda wa chidziwitso asilikali. A chigamulo osiyana pa olemba, umene linapereka chaka ndi Stalin Prize, anapangidwa mu February 1940, ndipo anali ananena kuti zinayi zoyambirira mphoto opindula kudalira mwa mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito zolembalemba: prose, ndakatulo, zolembalemba, kutsutsa, sewero.

kusintha

Kukula kwa Stalin Prize mu rubles ndi chiwerengero cha laureates zasintha nthaŵi zambiri, ndipo konse kuti ndichepe, Komano - m'malo wopambana wina wa digirii woyamba Mwachitsanzo, mu 1940 inasanduka atatu aliyense gulu. Mu 1942 Prize (digiri yoyamba) kuchuluka kwa rubles thuu handiredi sauzande. Komanso latsopano mu 1949 - Mayiko "Pakuti kulimbikitsa mtendere pakati pa anthu". Kugawira umafunika mwachindunji CPC, imene awiri chisawawa makomiti zinalengedwa: limodzi ntchito kwa awarding mphatso mu sayansi, chidziwitso asilikali ndi zoyambitsidwa, ndipo chachiwiri chinkhoswe mu mabuku ndi luso.

Choyamba kokha ntchito atsopano linamalizidwa mu chaka anapatsidwa. Chiphatso adzakhala kutsirizitsa ntchito yawo mwa nthawi pambuyo pakati pa October, anagwa mu mndandanda wa chaka chotsatira. Kenako mawu akhala ndikusinthidwa, ndi opambana angakhale anthu amene achita za mphoto chifukwa ntchito zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi. Choncho, mphoto kupereka Stalin okha zinthu zabwino. zitsimikizo zambiri amasonyeza kuti Stalin unachita mwachindunji kufalitsa mphatso m'dzina lake (ndi chuma chawo), nthawi zina nkhaniyo pafupifupi osakwatiwa-handedly.

Kupha

Atamwalira Stalin, chifuniro cha sapezeka, kotero chindapusa buku sangathe ntchito kulimbikitsa opambana. Pambuyo 1954, Stalin Prize unatha. Pomwepo adadza ndawala wathuwu kuthetsa Kulambira mtsogoleri.

Mu 1956, Mphoto Lenin unakhazikitsidwa, zomwe m'malo pa Stalin. wopambana Stalin Prize pambuyo 1966 anasintha masatifiketi ndi mabaji aulemu. Ngakhale dzina lasintha mu methodically, nazonse ndi Buku mabuku Stalin linadzatchedwa USSR State Prize. Information za opambana anali mystified ndi dosed.

Kulekana kwa mphamvu za

Panali kusamvana wapadera wa CPC pa kugawika mofanana kwa mphotoyo pakati pa ophunzira angapo ntchito chomwe anali kupereka. Ngati kupereka mphoto anthu awiri (co-olemba), ndalama lidagawikana mofanana. Pa atatu yogawa anali osiyana: mutu anali kutenga theka ndi asangalatsi awiri - zopitirira kota ya chonse pamodzi. Ngati anthu anali ambiri, bwana amalandira lachitatu, ndi ena mofanana agawidwa mu timu.

Wopambana loyamba la Prize Stalin mu Physics - P. L. Kapitsa, masamu - A. N. Kolmogorov, zamoyo - T. D. Lysenko, mu mankhwala - A. A. Bogomolets, VP Filatov, NN Burdenko kwa nthaka - V. A. Obruchev, anaona kuti chidali chifuniro cha, wodziwika gunsmith V. A. Degtyarov, pa aviakonstruirovaniyu - SA Lavochkin, chifukwa kupenta - AM Gerasimov, zosemasema - V. I. Muhina.

Mlengi wa siteshoni okwerera sitima "Kiev" ndi "Komsomolskaya" wamanga D. Chechulin anali kupereka wa Stalin Prize. AN Tolstoy nacho icho kwa buku lakuti "Peter Wamkulu", M. A. Sholohov - kwa buku la "Ndipo Matama Umayenda ya Don", monga Wolemba wina wa NF Pogodin unkachitika pambuyo ulimi wa sewerolo "Munthu mfuti."

Monga ntchito zafotokozedwa

ntchito Scientific yosungira takambirana kale ndi nkhani ya asayansi zogwirizana zapaderazi, katswiri komishoni kutsatilidwa ndi mabungwe ngakhale lonse sayansi-kafukufuku. Ndiye amati, wathunthu ndi mabuku kwa imposition wa chiweruzo wapadera Commissars Anthu a USSR.

Ngati ndi kotheka, oimira mabungwe kafukufuku ndi mabungwe asayansi ankapita ku misonkhano ya Komiti. Zochita zinalengedwa ndi Kuvota chinsinsi balloting.

baji Ulemu

Aliyense laureate pambuyo polandira mphoto ndi udindo zoyenera ndi aulemu chizindikiro Stalin Prize ndi imene kufooka kumanja pafupi ndi Order. Linapangidwa a siliva mawonekedwe a chowulungika otukukira kunja ndi enamel woyera ndi m'mphepete pansi mlombwa wa golide. Owola akuonetsedwa dzuwa - cheza golide, umene pamwamba yowala nyenyezi zofiira enamel ndi felemu golide. The lolembedwa mu makalata golide kuwerenga: "wopambana Stalin Prize".

Pamwamba pa chowulungika ndi lathuli corrugated riboni cha buluu enamel m'mbali gilt, limene linalembedwa "USSR". Siliva ndi golide-yokutidwa mbale, kumene padiso la mphete ndipo anagwirizana chizindikiro aulemu, anali yolembedwa zinaperekedwa manambala Arabic Chaka linapereka. Buku la atolankhani za opindula chaka chino, nthaŵi zonse anawonekera pa December 21 - kubadwa kwa I. V. Stalina.

nkhondo

M'zaka lowopsya la nkhondo, izi mphoto yapamwamba komanso mu wolemekezeka okha monga anzeru ntchito monga kale - mu mkangano wamphamvu mongoganiza kukonda dziko lako ndi wamuyaya. asayansi Union innovators, amatukutuku ankadziwa kuti tsopano ndi ntchito yawo dziko likusowa kwambiri kuposa pa mtendere. Ngakhale mu 1941 izo zinabweretsa zikayenda akuluakulu a anzeru ndi pafupifupi m'madera a moyo.

Makampani anali ankamangidwanso pa nkhondo maziko, kukuza zinthu zopangira, mphamvu kupanga kuchuluka. Stalin Prize la mlingo woyamba kupereka gulu la ophunzira kutsogoleredwa ndi Pulezidenti wa USSR V. L. Komarova, amene anafufuza anayamba njira ya chitukuko mafakitale wa Urals - ndi zitsulo wakuda, mphamvu, zipangizo yomanga ndi china chirichonse. Chifukwa wakhala yowonjezera yaikulu yopanga mitundu yonse ya mafakitale.

Ambiri na- Zelinsky kwa zimapangidwira kumbuyo. Iye analinso ankalemekeza mphoto imeneyi. Professor MV Keldysh ndi phungu wa zaumisiri Sciences E. Grossman ntchito kwa Soviet ndege kapangidwe: anayamba chiphunzitso cha Phokoso zotanuka ndipo anabwera ndi njira kuwerengetsera ndege flutter, umene anapatsidwa ndi Stalin Prize wa digirii 2.

Dmitri Shostakovich

Chapadera pa mphamvu za kulenga za Wolemba pamaso achoke analemba wotchuka wake "Seventh Symphony" mu anazinga Leningrad. Ntchito imeneyi yomweyo anakhala chuma nyimbo dziko. Kugonjetsa umunthu wofunitsitsa nkhondo mpaka imfa ndi magulu wakuda, choonadi chosagwedera mokhumudwa uliwonse cholemba inakhala kuzindikira lonse kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse. Mu 1942, ntchito imeneyi zinali zodzaza ndi Stalin Prize la mlingo woyamba.

Dmitri Shostakovich - katatu wopambana wa Stalin Prize kuwonjezera woyamba: pakuti atatu chachikulu 1946 - Prize la mlingo poyamba, ndiyeno - mutu wa Chithunzi Anthu a RSFSR, mu 1950, anapatsidwa ndi Stalin Prize la mlingo wachiwiri wa oratorio wake "Nyimbo ya Nkhalango" pa mavesi Dolmatovski ndi nyimbo filimu "Kugwa kwa Berlin". Mu 1952 iye analandira wina Prize Stalin wa pamlingo wachiwiri kwa Maapatimenti kwa kwayala.

Faina Ranevskaya

Kwa zaka zambiri ntchito ndiwotani wa anthu, amakhala anachita kanema kapena udindo momwe mulinso. Ili ndi luso kwambiri zisudzo. Stalin Prize iye kupeza nthawi iliyonse atatu: kawiri mlingo wachiwiri ndipo nthawi imodzi - wachitatu.

Mu 1949 - kuti udindo wa mkazi Losev mu "Act Ulemu" Stein (Moscow Drama Theatre), mu 1951 - chifukwa udindo wa Agrippina mu 'Ukufuna Dawn pa Moscow "Suvorov (la zamasewero yemweyo), m'chaka chomwecho - chifukwa udindo wa Frau Wurst "ali dziko" mu filimu. Mfundo udindo uliwonse umene unachitika ndi Faina, akhoza kupereka ulemu umenewu kuyambira zapamwamba za mafilimu a kanema Soviet kwakukulukulu analenga ndi Ammayi ichi, wopambana wa Stalin Prize. Mu nthawi yake wakhala chachikulu, ndipo tsopano mwina palibe munthu amene sadziwa dzina lake.