Existentialism - wapadera wa umunthu

The nzeru za existentialism ndi limodzi mwa wotchuka kwambiri, lodzaza ndi otchuka mafunde a nthawi yathu. Bukuli lili antiscientism, lomwe limanena momveka bwino kuti nzeru zomveka sangathe kuyankha mafunso ambiri, anangochita anakafika impasse, choncho nthawi yoti mupite musamachedwe munthu, mavuto ake ndi moyo.

Vuto limeneli anayamba mu 20s wa mzaka zana makumi awiri mu Germany. Chikadzangotha World nkhondo yoyamba ya anthu anauka ndipo ndinayang'ana ndi maso atsopano pa kuli munthu, mavuto ake. Pali mbali ziwiri: achipembedzo ndipo kulibe Mulungu existentialism. maganizo amenewa ankatsutsa ndi ziphunzitso zomveka, kumene okha nkhani inayake anthu ankaona. Existentialism amayenera yolimbirana abwino.

Nthanthi azimuth pafupifupi imodzi unachokera mu Germany, France ndi Russia, izo zikutsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito sayansi akatswiri mu maiko amenewo. Koma dziko la Germany akhala apainiya, pa zolemba za Heidegger ndi Jaspers anayamba French existentialism. Mu Germany, izo inalandidwa ndi magwero maganizo a kutanthauzira ndi kutanthauzira. France ankayimiridwa ndi mafunde awiri monga: achipembedzo ndipo kulibe Mulungu. Woyamba ndi Gabriel Marcel, ndipo chachiwiri - Camus ndi Sartre.

"Existentialism - ndi umunthu" - odziwika bwino French nzeru zapamwamba Sartre ndi nkhani yolembedwa, zomwe zimachititsa mumadzifunsa ngati kwenikweni izi. Ngati akuluakulu a gulu lachipembedzo anayesa kupeza sakugwirizana ndi Mulungu, kuti zipite ndi mbalume wakale chimango watsopano, achikunja makamaka tinganene yoyenda yokha umunthu popanda nyumba chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Kulibe Mulungu malangizo a kuyesera kutsutsa zilakolako zowononga wa pathos a munthu kopanda ndi umunthu.

Mu 1946, kwa nthawi yoyamba anatulutsa buku la "Existentialism - ndi umunthu" Sartre a. Izo zakhala zaka zambiri, koma tinalisindikizanso kangapo, chifukwa mu mawonekedwe Kufikika akufotokoza chifukwa cha nzeru ndi maganizo a wolemba. Ganizo kwambiri existentialism ndi munthu wocheza naye, ndipo maziko a izi, kukhala zosiyanasiyana mantha, amene omwenso anatsegula. Iwo likukhalira kuti munthu alipo yekha kukhala m'dziko lino.

Mu ntchito zake, Sartre anayesa kuyankha funso, existentialism - ndi umunthu kapena chinachake, ndi kukambirana za momwe n'zogwirizana, mafunde awa awiri. oimira Apadera a anthu ankaona Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio. Iwo ananena kuti kubwera kwa munthu malingaliro anthropocentrism poganiza monga mtengo wa munthu, ndipo ndi umunthu. Nokha ndiye kuti atumiki anthu mphamvu zoposa ndi kumapatutsa iwo kuchokera okha.

Existentialism - ndi umunthu, koma wapadera. Apa ntchito yaikulu ndi ankaimba osati mwa munthuyo, koma chinachake transtsendentiruyuschee okha mu dziko, kuyesera kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zina ndi malo, nthawi zonse kusamuka ndi kufunafuna zabwino. Existentialism zachokera underpinnings mofanana umunthu, koma kwa pafupi umunthuwo. Chinthu chachikulu apa - kukwaniritsa apamwamba zotheka. Munthu aliyense ali chinthu chamtengo wapatali, cholinga chachikulu kuti mwana'yo. Choncho, tikamanena kuti existentialism akadali umunthu.