Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: yonena, photos, makoti

Against otsika kutentha, pafupi ziro mtheradi, kuti kofunikira kwambiri, zomwe ndi zofunika kwa kaphatikizidwe wa mtima atomiki - kuti ndi osiyanasiyana ntchito yaitali Academician Kapitsa. Iye anali kawiri ngwazi za Socialist Labor ndipo linapereka ndi Stalin Prize ndi Nobel.

ubwana

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, amene yonena Adzaperekedwa m'nkhani ino, anabadwa mu Kronstadt mu 1894. atate wake, Leonid Petrovich ankagwira ntchito yokonza usilikali ndipo ankachita nawo pomanga Kronstadt malinga. Mayi - Olga Ieronimovna - ndi katswiri folklore ndi mabuku ana.

Mu 1905 Petya kuphunzira sukulu, koma chifukwa patsogolo osauka (zoipa anapatsidwa Latin) mnyamata zikumuchititsa mu chaka. Phunzirani academician tsogolo apitirira mu Kronstadt sukulu. Iye anamaliza ndi maulemu mu 1912.

Studies pa University of

Poyamba, Pyotr Kapitsa (onani chithunzi. Mmunsimu) anakonza kuphunzira sayansi ndi masamu dipatimenti ya St. Petersburg University, koma pali sanatenge. Mnyamata anaganiza kuyesa mwayi wake "Polytechnic Institute" ndi mwayi anamwetulira pa iye. Peter analembetsa dipatimenti electromechanical. Kale mu chaka choyamba ndi luso mnyamata Iye adayandikira chidwi cha Professor A. F. Ioffe ndi kwachititsa achinyamata kuti kafukufuku Laboratories yake.

Army ndi ukwati

Mu 1914, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa anapita ku Scotland kwa tchuthi m'chilimwe. Pali ankafuna kuchita English awo. Koma World Choyamba, ndi mnyamata sanathe kubwerera kunyumba August. Mu Petrograd, iye anali chabe mu November.

Kumayambiriro 1915, Peter anadzipereka pa Western Front. Iye anaikidwa pa mtengo wa dalaivala ambulansi. Komanso, iye anali kuchita mu galimoto yake anavulala.

Mu 1916 iye anali demobilized, ndi Peter anabwerera ku koleji. Joffe yomweyo ndakweza mnyamata ntchito experimental mu zasayansi sayansi anakopeka nawo thupi msonkhano wawo (choyamba mu Russia). Mu chaka chomwecho Kapitsa inalemba nkhani yake yoyamba. Komanso, anakwatira Nadezhda Chernosvitova, kubwera mwana wamkazi ndi membala wa Komiti chapakati cha Cadet Party.

Ntchito Institute watsopano Physics

Mu 1918 A. F. Ioffe bungwe Institute Research wa Physics ndi woyamba mu Russia. Pyotr Kapitsa, zolemba zimene mungathe kuwerenga pansipa, anamaliza ku Polytechnic chaka chino ndipo nthawi yomweyo anachira kwa mphunzitsi.

Kuzimvetsa pambuyo chosintha zinthu sanalonjeze chilichonse sayansi wabwino. Joffe zimathandiza kudziwa zokambirana ophunzira okha, amene anali Petro. Iye analimbikitsa Kapitsa kusiya Russia, koma boma sanapereke chilolezo. Anathandiza limakhulupirira Gorky, Kenako ankaona wolemba otchuka. Peter analoledwa kupita England. Atatsala pang'ono kuchoka kwa Kapitsa ku St. Petersburg mliri wa fuluwenza. Kwa mwezi umodzi katswiri wamng'ono anataya mkazi wake, mwana wamkazi wakhanda, mwana ndi bambo.

Jobs mu England

Mu May 1921, Petro anabwera kwa England monga mbali ya Russian Academy m'Komiti Sciences pa. Cholinga chachikulu cha asayansi akhala kubwezeretsa zikulumikizana sayansi, munkachitika nkhondo ndi zisinthe. Patapita miyezi iwiri, ndi wasayansi Pyotr Kapitsa anakakhala Cavendish Laboratory lotsogoleredwa ndi Rutherford. Iye anatenga mnyamatayo maphunziro yochepa. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zomangamanga lili ndi akatswiri ndi luso kafukufuku Russian wasayansi anachititsa chidwi kwambiri Rutherford.

Mu 1922, Kapitsa digiri ku University Cambridge. ulamuliro Wake sayansi anayamba kupitilira zojambula. Mu 1923 iye anali kupereka maphunziro Maxwell. Patapita chaka chimodzi, wasayansi anakhala wachiwiri Director wa Laboratory.

kukwatiranso

Mu 1925, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa anali kukhala ku Paris Krylov, amene anayambitsa naye kwa mwana wake Anna. Patapita zaka ziwiri, iye anakhala mkazi wa sayansi ya. Atakwatirana, Peter anagula Huntington Road m'dera la dziko ndi nyumba. Posachedwa apa chidzaonekera kuwala kwa ana ake - Andrew ndi SERGEY.

ngwazi maginito

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, amene yonena amadziwika sayansi onse mwachangu akupitiriza kuphunzira njira ya kusinthika kwa mtima ndi kuvunda nyukiliya. Iye amabwera ndi unsembe watsopano m'badwo wa munda amphamvu maginito ndipo amapeza zotsatira umboni, 6-7 nthawi masauzande ambiri kuposa amene m'mbuyomu. Landau ndiye ikutchedwa iye "maginito dziko ngwazi."

Bwererani ku USSR

Mukamakonzekera katundu wa zitsulo mphamvu ya maginito, Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa anazindikira kuti m'pofunika kusintha zinthu experimental. Amafuna m'munsi (gel osakaniza) kutentha. Ndi m'munda wa otsika kutentha sayansi wasayansi lakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri. Koma kafukufuku pa nkhaniyi, Peter Leonidovich watha kunyumba.

Akuluakulu a boma la Soviet ankapereka iye malo okhazikika okhala mu USSR. Asayansi akhala chidwi ndi maganizo amenewa, koma wakhala anasonyeza angapo zinthu, zofunika kwambiri zomwe - ulendo ku West monga mmene amafunira. Boma sanapite patsogolo.

M'chaka cha 1934 Kapitsa ndi mkazi wake anapita Soviet Union, koma pamene iwo anafika kupita ku England, chinapezeka kuti zikalata zawo zimafika. Kenako, Anna analoledwa kubwerera kwa ana ndi kuwatengera Moscow. Rutherford ndi mabwenzi a Peter ndinafunsa boma Soviet kulola Kapitsa kubwerera ku England kupitiriza. Izo zinali zonse pachabe.

Mu 1935, Pyotr Kapitsa, kanthawi yonena amene amadziwika kuti asayansi, kutsogozedwa ndi Institute matenda a Academy of Sciences. Koma pamaso mukuvomera udindo uwu, adafunsira kugula zipangizo, amene ntchito kunja. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Rutherford kale anatsanzika imfa wantchito wapatali ndipo anagulitsa zida kuchokera zasayansi.

Kalata Boma

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (chithunzi Ufumuyo nkhani) anabwerera kwawo ndi chiyambi cha purges Stalin. Ngakhale mu nthawi yovuta, iye kolimba kumbuyo maganizo ake. Podziwa kuti zonse mu dziko wasankha kasamalidwe okalamba, iye nthaŵi analemba makalata pofuna kuchita kukambirana osapita m'mbali m'mbali. Kuchokera 1934 mpaka 1983, wasayansi anapita ku boma la Russia kuti makalata oposa 300. Kudzera phukusi la Petr Leonidovich ku ndende ndi misasa anapulumutsidwa asayansi ambiri.

ntchito mopitirira ndi anapeza

Chilichonse chichitike padziko sayansi ankadabwa nthawi ntchito za sayansi. Pa womasulidwa ku England khwekhwe, anapitiriza kafukufuku m'dera la minda amphamvu maginito. The zatsopano nawo ogwira ntchito ku Cambridge. Zimene Iwowa inapitirira kwa zaka zingapo ndipo wofunika kwambiri.

Asayansi anatha kusintha chopangira mphamvu wagawo, ndipo wakhala zosavuta kuti liquefy mpweya. The unsembe sikutanthauza chisanadze kuzirala kwa helium lapansi. Izo basi utakhazikika pa kuwonjezeka mu datendere wapadera. Chotero gel osakaniza unsembe tsopano ntchito pafupifupi m'mayiko onse.

Mu 1937, pambuyo kufufuza kwambiri m'dera limeneli Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Nobel Prize wasayansi patapita zaka 30 adzakhala amaitcha) anapeza ofunika. Iye anapeza chodabwitsa superfluidity ya helium. Poti chachikulu cha phunziro pa kutentha m'munsimu 2,19 ° K kukhuthala olumikizidwa ku makina. Mu zaka wotsatira Petr Leonidovich anapeza zinthu zina zochitika anomalous mu helium. Mwachitsanzo, kapepala ka kutentha mu izo. Ndiyamika kafukufuku mu sayansi ina yatsopano - zakuthambo kwadzidzidzi zakumwa.

Kupewa chilengedwe cha bomba la atomiki

Mu 1945, dziko la Soviet Union pulogalamu kupanga zida za nyukiliya. Pyotr Kapitsa, amene mabuku akhala wotchuka mu asayansi, anakana kutenga mbali mu izo. Pa ichi iye anachotsedwa ntchito sayansi ndi kuika pa ukaidi wapanyumba kwa zaka eyiti. Monga wasayansi akumanidwa mwayi kulankhula ndi anzake. Koma Pyotr Leonidovich sanali tisafooke kafukufuku anapitiriza waganiza bungwe zasayansi pa dacha wake.

Kumeneko, mu zikhalidwe wosazindikira, magwero mkulu-mphamvu zamagetsi, omwe anakhala sitepe yoyamba kwa maphatikizidwe mphamvu subordination. Koma zonse kunachitika zatsopano wasayansi anali wokhoza kubwerera atamasulidwa yekha mu 1955. Iye anayamba kuphunzira mkulu-kutentha plasma. Anapanga mu nthawi yoyambirira ija anapanga maziko a chiwembu cha riyakitala nyukiliya wa yopitirira.

Ena mwa mayesero ake linapereka zatsopano zilandiridwenso wa olemba nkhani yopeka. maganizo awo za akuyesera kuti aliyense wolemba. Peter Kapitza nayenso anaphunzira Baibulo nthawi kuti fireball ndi hydrodynamics zigawo woonda madzi. Koma chidwi kwambiri adafuwula katundu wa madzi, ndipo magudumu mayikirowevu.

Kupita kudziko lina ndi Nobel Prize

Mu 1965, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa chilolezo boma kupita ku Denmark. Kumeneko, iye anali kupereka golide Mendulo wa Niels Bohr. The wasayansi anayang'ana pa Laboratories m'deralo ndipo anakamba nkhani kwa mphamvu yapamwamba. Mu 1969, wasayansi ndi mkazi wake anapita choyamba United States.

Mu m'ma October 1978 wasayansi adalandira telegramu kuchokera Swedish Academy of Sciences. Udindo anali akuti: "Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel Prize ". Sayansi nazo kufufuza zofunika m'munda wa otsika kutentha. Uwu ndiye uthenga wabwino, "kukwatulidwa" wasayansi pamene ulesi mu "Barvikha" pafupi Moscow.

Atolankhani ena amene anamutengera iye kwa kuyankhulana, iye anafunsidwa kuti: "Ndani mwa zomwe munthu sayansi mufufuza yotyani?" Pyotr Leonidovich ananena kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri wasayansi ndi ntchito yake panopa. "Ineyo, ndikuchita tsopano nyukiliya maphatikizidwe" - anawonjezera.

nkhani Kapitsa ku Stockholm zinali zodabwitsa mu chiphaso umafunika. Mosiyana ndi malamulo, iye anakamba nkhani osati pa otsika kutentha sayansi, koma madzi ndi zochita ankalamulira nyukiliya. Pyotr Leonidovich anafotokoza chifukwa chimene ufulu lino. Wasayansi anati: "Zinali zovuta kusankha mutu kuti Nobel nkhani. Ine anapambana mphoto chifukwa kafukufuku m'munda wa otsika kutentha, koma sanachite nawo kwa zaka zoposa 30. Mu anayambitsa wanga, ndithudi, kupitiriza kufufuza nkhani imeneyi, koma ine kugwiritsa kuphunzira njira zofunika zimene nyukiliya. Ine ndikukhulupirira kuti panopa malo chidwi ndi zogwirizana kwambiri, monga kudzakuthandizani poyankha imene yatsala mavuto mphamvu. "

Scientist anamwalira mu 1984, pang'ono asanafike zaka chikumbutso 90 chaka. Pomaliza, ife azipereka mawu ake otchuka.

zilembedwe

"Ufulu Human akhoza okha m'njira ziwiri: chiwawa kapena kukulitsa anali wabwino bongo."

"Munthu wamng'ono malinga ngati akuchita zinthu mopusa."

"Inu simungakhoze zifukwa ankaona pseudoscience. Koma analibe kuzindikira - kwenikweni ndi pseudoscience ".

"Waluso munthu amene amadziwa chimene iye akufuna."

"Geniuses musataye kuwuka kwa nyengo, koma nyengo ya kubadwa."

"Kuti tikhale osangalala, munthu ayenera kulingalira nokha."

"Amene ali liwiro la. kukhudzana Only si maola angapo, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri. "

"Musati gloss pa, koma anatsindika zotsutsana. Amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha sayansi. "

"Science ayenera kukhala wophweka, chidwi ndi osangalatsa. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi sayansi ".

"Chinyengo ndi mbali yofunika ya dongosolo demokalase kuyambira chiyambi cha m'manja mwapang'onopang'ono pa ochepa anthu. Chilakolako cha ambiri chabe kusiya patsogolo. "

"Moyo - ngati khadi masewera, imene inu nawo, osadziwa malamulo."