Ndilo, buku lakale, zolembedwa chiyani? Kodi ndi zimene zipangizo anazipangira?

mbusa wina anapeza m'mapanga Qumran mitsuko ndi mipukutu. Iye sankadziwa chimene chuma. Tsopano mabuku amenewa anali mu zakale, akuyendayenda akatswiri awo. Ndi wamkulu makope zilipo la Malemba Opatulika.

ndi mayina Kodi

Buku maonekedwe anaonekera kokha m'zaka AD choyamba. Iwo ankatchedwa "Code". Izi analaswa mu mapepala ndi sewn magawo a mumpukutu - webs yaitali, zikopa kapena amtunduwu. Mipukutu otchedwa mabuku. Panali malo owerengera mabukhu, analipo mpaka 700,000 mipukutu (Library of Alexandria).

Onsewo - Zolembedwa, limene linalembedwa ndi dzanja. Mipukutu vertically kusungidwa mu mbiya. Iwo anali okwera mtengo. Mungathe kufika mamita angapo. Long masikono chilonda pa wapadera anagubuduza pini ndi mapulagi. Pangakhale awiri, ndi bwino kuti mukulitse ndi kuwerenga.

Ancient mpukutu anali njira ziwiri za mbiri: zolembalemba, ndi mizati ya malemba, ofanana ndi tsamba panopa, ndi mosalekeza. The yachiwiriyi ntchito zolemba.

Kodi gumbwa ndi zikopa

Kumvetsa zimene mpukutu wa gumbwa, muyenera kudziwa za fakitale. Kukula pa gombe Nile zakutchire nzimbe kukolola, mwayeretsa ku peel chapamwamba ndi kudula kukula kwa pepalalo. Ndiye m'mimba ndi chidutswa chilichonse pamodzi ndi ulusi ndi flattened.

Angapo zidutswa ngati kuli ankagona pamwamba olimba, ndiye pamwamba wosanjikiza panayikidwa kudutsa CHIKWANGWANI preforms. Mbamuikha kuponderezedwa. Ndipo kotero angapo nthawi. Ife nzimbe madzi - monga zomatira, mwatsopano amtunduwu ogwirizana ndi kukhala oyenera kulemba. Zomatira Angathe mamita angapo intaneti.

chikopa kupanga njira kalata ifotokoza zimene mpukutu wa zikopa. Nkhosa chikopa anali ankawaviika laimu njira, kuchapa ndipo anatambasula pa chimango matabwa. Ndiye scrapings kuchotsedwa, opukutidwa ndi kukonza pumice, choko akusisita. Tsopano mabuku amenewa angathe kuona zinthu zochititsa chidwi.

Kodi kulemba mipukutu

Pali njira ziwiri za mipukutu kupanga. Text akhoza kulemba pa mapepala osiyana amene sewn mu nsalu. Scriptorium, chipinda kulemba mipukutu, poyamba sanali okonzeka ndi madesiki. alembi zambiri analemba pansi pakamwa, kugawikana ena malemba. Atakhala pansi, adakhala kalata chifuwa pake. Kenako pali tebulo ndi chipangizo monga tebulo kumbuyo zomwe iwo kulemba kapena kulilembanso malemba.

Mabuku olembedwa pa dongosolo, analemba kuchokera zojambula umodzi amtunduwu. Iwo sakanakhoza monga zithunzi, zithunzi ndi zilembo zazikulu kukongoletsa. Iwo ndalama zoposa ochiritsira, mabuku chitidwe.

anthu amakono musaganize kuti mpukutu. Koma ichi ndi lothandiza zonse za mbiri ya anthu. Bwanji pitani m'nyumbayi ndi sanazione panokha?