Zovuta mankhwala. Tanthauzo, gulu

Kupereka kwambiri kapena zochepa yeniyeni cheni ndi mankhwala zovuta, umagwirira ano ali kudalira zinthu zoyambirira za chiphunzitso kugwirizana, umene bungwe A. Werner mwamsanga 1893 Kuvuta kwa nkhani imeneyi chagona pa zosiyanasiyana multiplicity wa mankhwala ambiri osiyanasiyana mankhwala kugwa tanthawuzo la zovuta kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala zovuta - ndi mankhwala mankhwala, gawo la zomwe ndi mndandanda wa particles zovuta. Kufikira tsopano, sayansi ilibe tanthauzo okhwima "particles zovuta". Nthawi zambiri ntchito tanthauzo zotsatirazi: a tinthu zovuta kumvetsa zovuta tinthu chimene chingathe paokha kukhalapo mu galasi ndi mu njira. Iwo wapangidwa ndi particles ena pulayimale, womwe angathe kulibe paokha. Nthawi zambiri tanthauzo la particles zovuta kugwa particles zovuta mankhwala onse kapena gawo kugwirizana popangidwa ndi wopereka-acceptor mfundo.

Mbali wamba, amene adzalandire mankhwala onse zovuta ndi kukhalapo mu dongosolo lawo la atomu chapakati, anapatsidwa dzina lakuti "complexing wothandizila". Popeza zosiyanasiyana kuti mankhwala awa ndi kulankhula za zina ambiri mchitidwe uwu si koyenera. Kawirikawiri complexing wothandizila ndi atomu kupanga zitsulo. Koma uwu si mbali okhwima: pali mankhwala lovuta limene atomu chapakati ndi atomu ya mpweya, sulfure, asafe, ayodini ndi zinthu zina za nonmetals yowala. Ponena za wothandizila mlandu complexing, tinganene kuti ambiri a iwo ndi abwino, ndi mabuku ambiri a sayansi otchedwa malo zitsulo, koma pali zitsanzo kumene atomu chapakati ndi kukhala mtengo zoipa, ndipo ngakhale ziro.

Choncho, maatomu lakutali kapena magulu anasankha maatomu omwe zili padziko nthumwi complexing, amatchedwa ligands. Izi zikhoza kukhala particles kale yolowera pawiri zovuta ndi molekyulu Mwachitsanzo, madzi (H2O), mpweya monoxide (NKHA), asafe (NH3), ndi ena ambiri, ingathenso kukhala anions OH-, PO43-, Cl-, wa hydrogen kapena cation H +.

Pofuna m'kagulu mankhwala zovuta monga zovuta mlandu mtundu alekanitsa mankhwala awa mankhwala mu maofesi cationic amene anapanga kuzungulira ndithu mlandu ion mamolekyulu ndale. maofesi Anionic komanso zilipo, imene complexant ndi atomu ndi zabwino chiwerengero makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Zambiri ndi zovuta anions ndi ligands. Tingasiyanitsire gulu osiyana maofesi ndale. mapangidwe awo amapezeka ndi kugwirizana mozungulira ndale mamolekyulu atomu. Komanso mu gulu ili la mankhwala ovuta amaphatikizapo mankhwala popangidwa ndi kugwirizana munthawi yomweyo kuzungulira ayoni ndithu mlandu mamolekyulu ndi ayoni zoipa mlandu.

Ngati mukuphunzira chiwerengero cha mipando imene otchedwa ligands mu mgwirizano dera, ndi otsimikiza monodentate, bidentantye ndi polydentate ligands.

Kukonzekera mankhwala zovuta m'njira zosiyanasiyana zimathandiza gulu ndi chikhalidwe cha ligand lapansi. Pakati pawo kusiyanitsa ammines, imene ligands ndi awa akuimira mamolekyulu amoniya, Aqua maofesi kumene ligands ndi madzi, carbonyls - mpweya monoxide ntchito ngati ligand a. Komanso acidocomplexes kulibe chimene atomu chapakati atazungulira zatsalira acidic. Ngati wazunguliridwa ndi ayoni hydroxide, mankhwala anatchula hydroxycomplexes.

mankhwala zovuta mbali yofunika kwambiri mu chirengedwe. N'zosatheka iwo ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zamoyo. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala zovuta ntchito anthu amalola ntchito zovuta kupanga.

Analytical zimapangidwira, m'zigawo zitsulo ku ores, electroplating, kupanga utoto ndi vanishi - izo zangokhala yochepa mndandanda wa mafakitale omwe ntchito mankhwala zovuta.