Archaeology - ndichiyani? Choletsedwacho, ngoletsedwa Archaeology. News ya zinthu zofukulidwa

Archaeology - History ndi mwambo Maphunziro a m'mbuyomu mbiri ya munthu apeza umboni zakuthupi. Zikuphatikizapo mwaluso zida za ulimi ndi chuma cha anthu. Mosiyana ndi kulemba, zinthu zimenezi salankhula mwachindunji za chochitika kumachitika. Umboni ofotokoza mfundo za ufulu ntchito ndi zotsatira za kukhazikitsanso sayansi. Tikhoza kunena kuti zinthu zofukulidwa akuphunzira zotsatira za ntchito ya anthu akale.

zipilala mbiri

Zikomo kufufuza pofukula, nkhani ndi amazipanga kukodzedwa kanthawi ndi okhudza malo kaja chidziwitso. Kulemba, monga mwa uthenga wa zakale zokumba pansi, Ndinabadwa za 5 zikwi. Zaka zapitazo. Ndipo lonse yapita mbiri ya anthu, ndipo palibe kanthu zochepa 2 miliyoni. Zaka anadziwika kokha kuyambira chiyambi cha chitukuko cha zinthu zofukulidwa. Akatswiriwa anapeza ndi kaundula polemba Zaka 2 sauzande. Za moyo wawo. Izi zakale Babulo, ndi mzere zilembo Greek, ndi hieroglyphs Iguputo. Mbiri ya zinthu zofukulidwa ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa mibadwo mabuku akale ndi mbiri yakale. mfundo zimene phunziro chinapezeka ku zinthu zakuthupi, mwangwiro amathandizana ndi kutsimikiza mu kulemba.

Chifukwa onse zobisika kwambiri?

Zotsalira za zochita za anthu otchedwa zipilala ofukula zinthu zakale. Amaonedwa chuma, m'ngalande, mabomba wakale, midzi, n'chodabwitsa manda, malo kuikidwa ndi maofesi ena. Monga ulamuliro, iwo onse mobisa. Mbiri ya zinthu zofukulidwa watsimikizira kuti si onse n'chodabwitsa ndi n'chodabwitsa yokutidwa ndi dziko lapansi, monga Mwachitsanzo, munali phulusa kuphulika chiphala ya Pompeii ndi Hekuleniya. Nthawi zambiri, malirowo m'manda pansi chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. M'mizinda ena mwa nyanja, mungapeze mulu wa zipolopolo. Iwo ali mabwinja otsala a midzi wakale pansi pa zigoba za mollusks, amene anali ngati chakudya kwa anthu akale.

nyumba yakalekaleyo

Kumadera kumene dongo anali zomangila chachikulu, ndipo tsopano n'zotheka kukumana kuwuka mapiri zogona. Iwo anatuluka m'chiwonongeko ndi dilapidation dongo nyumba. Pa maziko a nyumba zomangidwa watsopano, pa anthu ena, ndi zina zotero kwa zaka zambiri.

Mabwinja anapeza nyumba zakale zonse ali recessed mu pansi mamita angapo. Ofukula kupereka malongosoledwe zotsatirazi: pamwamba pa mlatho wachikulire kuti ayike latsopano, wodzazidwa moats anamanga akachisi mwa iwo anali maziko akale. Anapanga chifukwa cha zigawo zochita za anthu otchedwa wosanjikiza chikhalidwe. Archaeology anafotokoza kuti kuphunzira wosanjikiza chikhalidwe cholinga chake chachikulu, ndicho kutsatira zigawo mapangidwe ndondomeko stratigraphy ndi mbiri za akatswiri a zinthu zakale.

Mbiri wapeza chibwenzi

Pa kufalitsa zigawo strata chikhalidwe angathe kudziwa mibadwo ya anapeza. Mu zigawo wotsikitsitsa ayenera kukhala zinthu zakale, mu chapamwamba - wapeza ntchito zochepa zapitazi. Cholinga cha zinthu zofukulidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chibwenzi. Iwo kudziwa tsiku lenileni la zaka zingati wa zinthu zopezeka mu zaka, zaka ngakhale zaka.

Nthawi zina ndi bwino kudziwa masiku enieni. Chifukwa stratigraphy, monga mu nkhani ya Pompeii, ku magwero kulembedwa, anadziwika kuti anthu m'tauni unawonongedwa pansi pambuyo kuphulika kwa Vesuvius kuphulika lodziwika bwino. Izo zinachitika mu August 79 AD. e. Malinga ndi zinthu zolembedwa akhoza ndendende kudziwa tsiku lenileni la moto, chiwonongeko cha analanda mdani ndi ngozi zina. Koma milandu munthu amasonyeza kuti mfundo zoterezi ali pachibwenzi sikuti zinapezeka kuti ndi zoona.

Khama la ndalama nthawi

Nthawi zambiri, tsiku la mbiri mapangidwe chipilala cha anatsimikiza ndi ndalama wosanjikiza chikhalidwe. Timbewu ndalama linayamba mu zaka 8-7. BC. e. pachilumba Greek wa Aegina mu Lydia. Choncho zinthu zakale, sayansi zachilengedwe ndi njira mtheradi chibwenzi, amadziwa yekha.

Choyamba, ntchito radiocarbon, kapena monga iwo ukutchedwa, njira radiocarbon. Khala, matabwa kapena zatsalira organic, amene chionetsero ofukula pa ntchito yomanga, ndi nyukiliya mpweya. Iwo odziwika theka moyo, T. E. Mpweya zili angathe kudziwa nthawi yake kufika pansi wosanjikiza, zaka 250. Njira imeneyi ndi bwino kuti adziwe tsiku nthawi zakale zaka.

Kolchin njira

Kuthandiza ofukula posachedwapa anabwera njira yatsopano kudziwa tsiku lenileni la nthawi zakale. Dendrohronoligichesky njira anapeza zinthu zakale American ndipo woyamba ntchito ndi wasayansi Soviet - katswiriyo B. A. Kolchinym pa zofukulidwa ku Novgorod. Archaeology wasonyeza kuti aziwerenga ndi imodzi mwa njira yolondola kwambiri kudziwa tsiku.

America anaona kuti m'lifupi mphete n'kudula mtengo womwewo mu mitengo yonse kukula panyengo zosiyanasiyana. Aliyense akudziwa kuti mphete imodzi nthawi zonse kupanga kwa chaka. Pofuna kukhazikitsa tsiku lenileni la nthawi Napempha kwa ofukula kupeza nthawi yokwanira kudula mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati inu mupeza kukula ndipo chiwerengero cha chipika cabins mphete anaika mu maziko a mpingo, tsiku la ntchito yomanga maofesi amenewa adzakhala wotchuka ku magwero mbiri. Motero, monga mwa uthenga wa zakale zokumba pansi, inu mukhoza kutenga lonse mphete kukula, amene mosavuta kuwerengetsa tsiku lililonse.

woletsedwawo Archaeology

Pamodzi ndi zofukulidwa amaloledwa ndi chinsinsi - Zotsatira amene si kunena mokweza. Nawa ena mwa sanaifotokoze amapeza chinsinsi.

wopha

Ofukula moyo zaka miliyoni 230 zapitazo kuyenda ng'ona woongoka. Ndi Latin awo sayansi dzina anamasuliridwa kuti "wopha wa Carolina." Chotero mantha alligator dzina chifukwa zitatu mita kutalika, mano ake yaikulu ndi kamwa. Iye akanakhoza kuswa mafupa iliyonse. The luso lamakono ndi Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena zathandiza asayansi recreate nyama ndi kumvetsetsa kuti chilombo chimenechi chinali choopsa kwambiri cha adani kwa zaka. Today erectus mafupa ng'ona nayo American Museum of Archaeology.

anataya chuma

Kuposa chaka chimodzi, asayansi mukulimbana ndi yankho khadi kuti Lou chuma lodziwika bwino. Map encrypted Masonic ophiphiritsa, ndi amene angathe kumvetsa malamulo, adzalandira matani 14 a golide woyenga bwino. Malinga ndi nthano, golide anagwa mu United States ndi Anazi m'kati Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Mu 1940, Bay wa Baku anaimitsa Japanese asilikali. chilumba yokha Baku Bay anatchuka chifukwa chuma chake anataya. General wa Army anaganiza kubisa pa chilumba anagonjetsa zodzikongoletsera ichi, chifukwa Japan anali kuti adzipereke, ndi kutenga kunyumba chuma zinali zoopsa. General m'manda golide ndi zodzikongoletsera m'madera 172 wa Islands Philippines. Ankafuna kubwerera pambuyo ndi kukatenga zodzikongoletsera, koma izo sizinachitike. Masiku ano, phindu la chuma chobisika cha madola oposa biliyoni. Part chuma chopezeka 70 ntchentche.

anthu zimphona

Science ndi owona za mtundu waukulu, koma choletsedwa zinthu zofukulidwa zikutsimikizira zosiyana. Kwa zaka zambiri, tidapeza zizindikiro lachinsinsi la anthu lalikulu. Abnormally lalikulu kukula kwa mafupa, zigaza m'madera osiyanasiyana pa dziko lonse. Lero, palibe yemwe ati kudabwa kukula anthu oposa mamita awiri, koma ngakhale zithunzi za m'ma XIX anasonyeza kuti ngakhale nthawi imeneyi panali anthu apamwamba kuposa mamita 2.

Mu 1911, migodi guano anali zizikhala Nevada. Asayansi apeza mafupa a anthu a kukula kwambiri. Institute of Archaeology, anapeza mafupa pamodzi. Kunapezeka kuti mafupa chifukwa anali ndi munthu amene kutalika mamita 3 masentimita 65 ofukula komanso kudabwa nsagwada. Ndi katatu kukula kwa ochiritsira nsagwada wa munthu masiku ano.

A kutengeka oletsedwa Archaeology walandira ku Australia. Pa kupanga yasipi dzino anthu anapezeka, amene kutalika anali 67 mamilimita ndipo m'lifupi 42 mamilimita! Asayansi analenga nyemba mafupa, iwo anapezeka kuti kukula kwa dzino mwiniwakeyo sanali mamita zosakwana 6.

Mu India, anthu anatulukira chodabwitsa anapezeka. Usilikali anapeza bwino anasunga mafupa a anthu chimphona. Mafupa anatitumiza ku Institute of Archaeology, ndi asayansi molondola kuyeza kukula. Anakwanitsa mamita 12! Location amakhalabe kudziwika yomweyo tsekani, monga akadali choletsedwa zakale zokumba pansi.

Kuli anthu zimphona

zofukulidwa Australia momveka anatsimikizira kukhalako kwa anthu kwambiri. The anapeza zida mwala ndi mboni chete a moyo wawo padziko lapansi. Kulemera mipeni, nkhwangwa, Dubin, tchizulo, ndege ranged kuchokera makilogalamu 5 mpaka 10. zinthu zofanana apezeka pafupi Okavango Mtsinje. American Museum zinthu zofukulidwa anasonyeza nkhwangwa mkuwa amene kutalika ndi wamkulu kuposa 1 mita, koma tsamba -. Masentimita 50 kulemera okwana chionetsero ndi 150 makilogalamu! Ngakhale wothamanga ano sangathe kulimbana ndi zinthu zimenezi.

No zakale zazing'ono ndi zachinsinsi nyumba megalithic kuti angapezeke pa paliponse dzikoli. Iwo onse mwakachetechete kulankhula kuli zimphona.

mwapadera ayenera kukhala Lebanon Baalbek. Uwu ndi mudzi weniweni wa zimphona, palibe njira ina kumuuza. Osachepera zinthu zakale, kuti ndi ndalama yomanga ku Lebanon, komabe sindingakhoze kufotokoza za sayansi. Kapangidwe zodabwitsa ndi mwangwiro zokuzira mzake slabs mwala. Kulemera kwa aliyense wa iwo matani 800!

History wasiya zambiri zinsinsi ndi mfundo osadziŵika kwa anthu, ndi kuyandikira mayankho kudzatithandiza zafukulidwa ndi kafukufuku wa zofukula m'mabwinja.