Akatswiri ena a ku Africa ndi kutsegula awo

M'nkhaniyi, tizikumbukira zopereka za chitukuko cha madera ofufuza Africa. apeza zasintha lingaliro la Mdima M'dziko.

The maphunziro oyamba mu Africa

Pa ulendo oyamba amadziwika kuzungulira Africa yakhala ikuchitidwa mwamsanga 600 BC. e. Akatswiri a Egypt mkulu wa Farao Neko. apainiya African anazungulira Africa napeza osadziwika kwa dziko lino.

Ndipo mu Ages Middle, gawo ili la dziko zinayamba zolemekezeka ku Ulaya, zimene zinachititsa kuti malonda yogwira ndi Turkey, resold pa mtengo waukulu nsalu Chinese ndi Indian. Izi zachititsa kuti panyanja European kuyesa kupeza njira zawo India ndi China pofuna kupewa kuyimira Turkey.

Akatswiri African anaonekera, ndipo anatulukira zinakhudza kwambiri mbiri ya dziko. Maulendowa woyamba unakonzedwa ndi Chipwitikizi zipsera Genri. Pa ulendo woyamba oyendetsa anapeza Boyador Cape, limene lili kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Africa. Ofufuza anatsimikiza kuti iyi ndiyo nthawi kum'mwera kwa Chile. akatswiri a masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti Chipwitikizi chabe mantha mbadwa wakuda. Azungu ankakhulupirira kuti dzuwa chinali kwambiri pa dziko latsopano, am'deralo kuwotcha wakuda.

Chipwitikizi Korol Huan II okonzeka ndi ulendo watsopano, kutsogozedwa ndi Bartolomeo Diaz, ndi Cape of Good Hope anapeza mu 1487 - weniweni kum'mwera kufika kumtunda. Kupezeka Zimenezi zinathandiza azungu mmene angatsatirire kuti mayiko a kummawa. Mu 1497-1499 Vasco Da Gama woyamba anafika India ndi kubwerera ku Portugal.

Dongosolo kudziwa wabweza kudzakuthandizani tebulo "Akatswiri mu Africa" m'munsimu.

Pambuyo kupezeka ku Ulaya anazitsanulira mwa Africa. M'zaka za m'ma 16 anayamba malonda a akapolo, ndi 17 madera ambiri wakuda Africa anagwidwa ndi njuchi. Ufulu asungidwa Liberia ndi Ethiopia. M'zaka za m'ma 19 anayamba kufufuza mwakhama Africa.

David Livingstone

Scottish wofufuza la Africa David Livingstone anali woyamba European wasayansi amene anakwanitsa kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto kuwoloka Kalahari chipululu. Iye anafotokoza chipululu malo, anthu wamba - mlendo-Tswana kuthetsedwa ndi anthu otchedwa ma Bushmen woyendayendawu. Mu kumpoto kwa Kalahari anapeza zomera nkhalango kuti kukula pamodzi mabanki mtsinje, ndipo anakonza kufufuza mitsinje ikuluikulu ya Africa.

Komanso, asayansi aphunzira nyanja Ngami, Mtsinje Zambezi, ali anafotokoza mafuko otchedwa ma Bushmen, ndi bakalahari Makololo napeza Nyanja Dilolo, kumadzulo runoff amene amadyetsa Congo kum'mawa - Zambezi. Mu 1855 chinatseguka mathithi chachikulu, chimene chikutchedwa British Mfumukazi Victoria. Livingstone anadwala kwambiri ndipo wapita kwa kanthawi. Inapeza apaulendo Genri Morton Stenli, ndipo io kufufuza Nyanja Tanganyika.

Ambiri a moyo wake wodzipereka wofufuza za Africa, anali mmishonale ndi zaumunthu, anayesa kuletsa malonda a akapolo. Scientist anafa pa nthawi imodzi maulendo ake.

Mungo Park

Mungo Park anapanga maulendo awiri Black M'dziko. Ulendowu unali kuphunzira mu Africa West, makamaka zamkati ake, magwero a mitsinje Gambia ndi Sinegal. Ndi cholinga zofunika anali kukhazikitsa malo achindunji mzinda wa Timbuktu, zomwe azungu pa nthawiyo anali kokha anamva kwa anthu am'deralo lapansi.

Azikonza maulendowa anatenga Dzhozef Benks amene ankachita nawo ulendo woyamba wa Yakobo Cook. bajeti anali wodzichepetsa kwambiri - mapaundi 200 okha.

Maulendowa woyamba kucitika mu 1795. Iwo anayamba ndi m'kamwa mwa Gambia, kumene ngakhale ndiye kunali English Pamudzi. Kwa mmodzi wa iwo, wofufuza ndi ogwira atatu, adakwera kumka ku Gambia. The Pisani anakakamizika kusiya kwa miyezi iwiri, monga malungo.

Kenako iye anapita motalikira ndi Gambia ndi makhwawa wake NERICA, pamodzi ndi kum'mwera kwa Sahara, kumene analandidwa. Patapita miyezi ingapo wasayansi anathawa ndi kufikira mtsinje Niger. Apa anapanga anapeza munthu - Niger si gwero la Gambia ndi Senegal, ngakhale kale kuti azungu ankakhulupirira kuti wagawanika. Ena nthawi kafukufuku amayendera Nigeria, koma kachiwiri kudwala ndipo anabwerera m'kamwa mwa Gambia.

Maulendowa yachiwiri okonzeka, anthu 40 nawo. Ulendowu unali kufufuza Niger Mtsinje. Komabe, ulendo zinalephereka. Chifukwa cha matenda, ndi kumenyana ndi anthu am'deralo kuti Mali anali kupeza anthu 11 okha moyo. Park anapita pa ulendo, koma pamaso pa boti anatumiza wothandizira marekodi awo onse. Akatswiri African si nthawi zonse anakhoza kubwerera kwawo ku malo owopsa. Park anaphedwa pafupi ndi tauni ya Busa, kuthawa am'deralo lapansi.

Genri Morton Stenli

English African wofufuza Genri Morton Stenli - apaulendo wotchuka ndi mtolankhani. Iye anapita kukafuna wa Livingstone akusowa limodzi ndi detachment mwa anthuwa ndi anamupeza mwakayakaya ku Ujiji. Stanley anabweretsa mankhwala, ndipo posakhalitsa anapitiriza Livingston Kusintha. Pamodzi iwo kufufuza kugombe la kumpoto kwa Tanganyika. 1872 anabwerera ku Zanzibar ndipo analemba bukhu wotchuka, "Kodi ine ndinapeza Livingstone". Mu 1875, limodzi ndi gulu lalikulu la asayansi anafika nyanja Ukereve.

Mu 1876, ndi detachment a anthu 2,000, amene okonzeka mfumu ya Uganda, Genri Morton Stenli ankayenda, atathana mapu a nyanja Tanganyika, anapeza Nyanja Albert Edward, anafika Nangve, kufufuza mtsinje Lualaba ndipo Ndakwaniritsa kukaona pakamwa pa Congo Mtsinje. Motero, iye anawoloka Africa kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo. Travel wasayansi zomwe zinalembedwa m'buku la "Kudzera Mdima M'dziko."

Vasiliy Yunker

Akatswiri Russian mu Africa adzipangira chopereka kwambiri kuphunzira Black M'dziko. Vasiliy Yunker monga mmodzi ofufuza ŵa wa Nile ndi gawo wakumpoto wa beseni ndi Congo. ulendo wake anayamba mu Tunisia, kumene anaphunzitsidwa Arabic. Chinthu wasayansi kafukufuku anasankha yamphamvu ndi kum'mawa Africa. Anayenda kudutsa m'chipululu laku Libya, mitsinje Baraki, Sobat, udindo, Jute, Tonzhi. Mitt anapita dziko, Kalika.

Junker ali osati anasonkhanitsa gulu yosowa ya nyama ndi zomera. maphunziro ake cartographic anali olondola, anapanga mapu loyamba malire chapamwamba wa Nile, komanso wasayansi anafotokoza nyama ndi zomera, makamaka mwatsatanetsatane anyani anapeza osadziwika nyama - shestokryla. Wapatali ndi ethnographic deta, amene anasonkhana Juncker. Iye analemba dikishonale ya mafuko Negro, anasonkhanitsa wolemera ethnographic deta.

Yegor Kovalevsky

Akatswiri anabwera Africa ndi pa kuyitana kwa makonsolo. Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky kuti apite ku Iguputo viceroy m'dera Muhammad Ali. Asayansi amachitika kumpoto, kum'mawa Africa, kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana miyala anapeza placer madipoziti zagolide. Iye ni mmodzi wa oyamba lozani udindo wa gwero la White Nile, anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane Anakaligawa dera lalikulu la Sudan ndi Abyssinia, anafotokoza moyo wa anthu a Africa.

Alexander Eliseev

Dzina lake Aleksandr Vasilevich Eliseev unachitikira pa Africa kwa zaka zingapo, kuyambira 1881 mpaka 1893. Akatswiri kumpoto ndi kumpoto kum'mawa Africa. Iye anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi Tunisia, Nyanja Yofiira ndi malire m'munsi wa Nile.

Nikolai Vavilov

Akatswiri Soviet zambiri ankabwera Africa Mdima M'dziko, koma mwa iwo Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov chapadera kwambiri. Mu 1926 anapanga lalikulu sayansi ulendo. Akatswiri Algeria, Biskra chitsime cha chipululu cha Sahara, mapiri m'chigawo cha Kabylia, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia, Egypt, Ethiopia ndi Eritrea.

Zomera chidwi makamaka matumba a zikamera mbewu. A zambiri nthawi zoyenera Ethiopia, komwe anasonkhanitsa toyesa zoposa sikisi sauzande zomera nakulitsa napeza pafupifupi 250 mitundu ya tirigu. Komanso zambiri za zomera zakutchire chinapezeka.

Nikolai Vavilov dziko lonse, akuyendayenda kusonkhanitsa zomera. Iye analemba "zisanu m'maiko" buku maulendo ake.