Space zamoyo. njira zamakono za kafukufuku kwachilengedwenso

Science Biology zikuphatikizapo kwambiri zigawo zosiyana lalikulu ndi bulanchi yaing'ono Sciences. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ndi ofunika osati moyo wa munthu, komanso dziko lonse.

m'ma wachiwiri mzere anthu akuyesera kuphunzira osati zosiyanasiyana za moyo padziko lapansi mu mtundu uliwonse, komanso kupeza ngati pali moyo kupitirira dziko, dziko thambo. Nkhani imeneyi ndi wapadera sayansi - danga zamoyo. Pa ayankhidwa takambiranazi.

Gawo la sayansi kwachilengedwenso - danga zamoyo

sayansi ndi mwana, koma intensively kwambiri osauka. Mbali yaikulu ya kuphunzira ndi:

1. Zinthu za m'mlengalenga ndi zimakhudza awo pa zamoyo zokhalapo, ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya machitidwe onse akukhala malo kapena ndege wamoyo.
2. Chitukuko cha moyo pa dziko lathuli, ndi nawo chilengedwe, ndi zamoyo wa zamoyo ndi Mwina kuli zotsalira zazomera kupitirira lathuli.
3. Kutheka kumanga dongosolo chatsekedwa ndi kulenga mwa iwo zikhalidwe chenicheni cha moyo kwa chitukuko omasuka ndi kukula kwa tizilombo m'malere.

Space mankhwala ndi zamoyo zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi sayansi mzake, kupenda ichitikire mafunso a boma zokhudza thupi la zamoyo mu chilengedwe, ndi kafalitsidwe awo danga interplanetary ndi kusanduka.

Kafukufuku wa khalidwe amenewa anakhala n'zotheka kusankha zinthu akadakwanitsira zinthu kwa anthu danga, osati mavuto alionse thanzi. A chuma zipangizo pamaso pa moyo mu mlengalenga, mwayi wa zomera ndi nyama (unicellular, multicellular) moyo ndi kukula mu ziro yokoka.

Mbiri ya sayansi

Kayamba Space Biology kunayamba nthawi zakale, pamene nzeru ena ndi anzeru - naturalists Aristotle, Heraclitus, Plato, ndi ena - kuonera nyenyezi, kuyesera kuzindikira ubale wa mwezi ndi dzuwa Padziko Lapansi, kumvetsa zimayambitsa zimakhudza awo pa minda ndi nyama.

Kenako, mu nthawi ya Middle, anayesera kudziwa mawonekedwe a Dziko Lapansi ndi kufotokozera za kasinthasintha ake. Kwa nthawi yaitali pa kumva panali chiphunzitso, analengedwa ndi Ptolemy. Iye anati kuti Lapansi - izi ndi pakati pa chilengedwe chonse, ndi mapulaneti ena onse ndi nyenyezi zimayenda mozungulira icho (geocentric dongosolo).

Koma panali wasayansi wina, Pole Nikolay Kopernik, amene anasonyeza fallacy zodzinenera awa ndi nsembe yake, heliocentric Kapangidwe ka dziko lapansi pakati - dzuwa ndi maiko onse muziyendayenda. Pa nthawi yomweyo dzuwa - komanso nyenyezi. malingaliro ake amapereka mwa otsatira a Giordano Bruno, Newton, Kepler, Galileo.

Komabe, dziko zamoyo sayansi anaonekera zambiri mtsogolo. Only mu XX m'ma Russian wasayansi Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky anayamba dongosolo kuti amalola anthu kudutsa mu kuya kwa malo ndi kuphunzira pang'onopang'ono. Iye ankaona bambo wa sayansi. Komanso mbali yaikulu pa cosmobiology chitukuko ankaimba kufufuza mu sayansi astrophysics, umagwirira ndi kwadzidzidzi zimango, Einstein, Bohr, Planck, Landau Fermi, Kapitsa, Bogolyubov ndi ena.

Kafukufuku watsopano mwa kulola anthu kuti yemweyo maulendo yaitali chafika danga, n'zotheka kudziwa zenizeni mankhwala ndi kwachilengedwenso chitetezo kulungamitsidwa ndi zotsatira za kuchoka-dziko zinthu anakonza ndi Tsiolkovsky. ankatanthauza awo?

1. Asayansi mwapatsidwa maziko ongolankhula zotsatira za weightlessness pa zamoyo zolengedwa zoyamwitsa.
2. Iye amatsatira njira zingapo kulenga zinthu danga zasayansi.
3. Chombo akufuna mungachite kuti kupeza chakudya ndi madzi mwa makope zomera ndi zipangizo.

Choncho, Tsiolkovsky mfundo zonse zoyambirira za astronautics anaikidwa kuti simunataye kufunika awo lero.

weightlessness

Modern kafukufuku kwachilengedwenso kufufuza mmene zinthu zazikulu pa thupi la munthu mu zinthu danga kulola pazipita kupulumutsa pa chombo kuchokera kungasokoneze ya zinthu zomwezi.

Pali makhalidwe zitatu zazikulu:

• kugwedera;
• mathamangitsidwe;
• weightlessness.

Chidwi kwambiri ndi ofunika kuchitapo kanthu pa thupi la munthu ndi kulemera kwake. Ichi ndi mkhalidwe umene mphamvu yokoka Mwamsanga ndipo osati m'malo ndi zotsatira zina inertial. Pankhaniyi, munthu watha mphamvu kulamulira udindo wa thupi m'malere. Chotero boma kumayambira zigawo za mmusi za mlengalenga ndi osungidwa ndi malo ake onse.

kafukufuku Biomedical zasonyeza kuti mu chikhalidwe weightlessness kusintha izi zimachitika mu thupi:

1. Amafulumizitsa kugunda.
2. Minofu kumasuka (kunja kamvekedwe).
3. Kusagwira ntchito.
4. N'zotheka okhudza malo kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo.

Munthu weightlessness angathe kukhala kwa masiku 86 popanda vuto lililonse thanzi. Izi chimene chasonyeza empirically ndipo anatsimikizira ku mfundo chithandizo cha. Komabe, limodzi mwa mavuto a malo zamoyo ndi mankhwala lero pakhale zovuta kupewa zotsatira za weightlessness pa thupi la munthu mu miyeso onse, kuthetsa kutopa, patsogolo ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito bwinobwino.

Pali mikhalidwe imene kutsatira chombo kuti kuthetsa weightlessness, ndi kukhala ulamuliro pa thupi:

• ndege kapangidwe chimatsatira mfundo zofunika za chitetezo kwa m'basimo;
• chombo zonse mosamala ananamizira mipando yawo pofuna kupewa zosayembekezereka ndege mpaka;
• zinthu zonse m'chombocho ndi malo awo kumatanthauza ndi wotetezedwa bwino kuti kupewa zinthu zoopsa;
• zakumwa zasungidwa mu chatsekedwa, muli hermetically mmatumba.

Kuti iyende bwino kugonjetsa weightlessness, chombo kotheratu ophunzitsidwa dziko. Koma, mwatsoka, amakono kafukufuku salola kuti akonze zinthu zimenezi zasayansi. Padziko lathuli, kugonjetsa mphamvu yokoka sizingatheke. Ndi mmodzi wa ntchito za tsogolo la Azamlengalenga ndi mankhwala zamoyo.

Kuchulukana mu mlengalenga (mathamangitsidwe)

Chinthu china chofunika zokhudza munthu wokhalapo mu mlengalenga, ndi mathamangitsidwe kapena zimamuchulukira. Akamanena za mfundozi yafupika ndi kusokonekera kwa katundu m'goli pa thupi pa mwaulesi amphamvu mathamangidwe danga. Pali mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya mathamangitsidwe:

• lalifupi;
• yaitali.

Monga sayansi ya moyo, mathamangitsidwe onse ndi zofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsa mkhalidwe thupi la chamoyo wokayenda pamwezi.

Choncho, mwachitsanzo, ndi zochita za accelerations yochepa (iwo lolimba zosakwana 1 wachiwiri) kumachitika kusintha sizingasinthe mu chamoyo pa mlingo maselo. Komanso, ngati akuluakulu sakuphunzitsidwa ofooka mokwanira, pali chiopsezo chotupa cha zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. kukhudzana amenewa angathe kuchitidwa ndi kapisozi chipinda ndi spaceman mu mlengalenga, ndi ejection kapena ankafika spacecraft mu kanjira.

Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri kuti chombo chinakwera mokwanira Kupenda mankhwala ndi yeniyeni thupi kukonzekera pamaso pa ndege mu mlengalenga.

Long wotenga mathamangitsidwe limapezeka pa chiyambi ndipo tidakocheza maroketi, komanso pa ndege, m'madera ena danga kwa chilengedwe ndi. Zimene accelerations zinthu pa thupi deta kuti kupereka maphunziro a sayansi zamankhwala, motere:

• amafulumizitsa kugunda ndi zimachitika;
• Kufulumizitsa mpweya;
• anati pakutchulidwa kuchita nseru, kufooka, wotumbululuka khungu;
• Akumva masomphenya pamaso kuoneka ofiira kapena wakuda filimu;
• mwina kumva ululu mu mafupa, miyendo;
• tonus minofu minofu kugwa;
• neuro-humoral lamulo kusintha;
• Zimakhala mpweya kuwombola osiyana mu mapapo ndi thupi lonse;
• zikhoza thukuta.

Zimamuchulukira ndi weightlessness amakakamizidwa ofufuza zachipatala kuti abwere ndi njira zosiyana. kulola kusintha, kuphunzitsa akatswiri kupirira zotsatira za mfundozi popanda zotsatira thanzi ndipo popanda imfa ya dzuwa.

Njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri mofulumira maphunziro a chombo - chipangizo centrifuge. Apa ndi pamene mukhoza kuona mmene mwana zimene zimachitika mu thupi mwa zochita za overloads. Njirayi imaperekanso kuphunzitsa kusintha zotsatira za chinthu ichi.

Space ndege ndi mankhwala

Zouluka m'mlengalenga, ndithudi, ndi wokondwa kwambiri pa umoyo wa anthu, makamaka wosaphunzitsidwa kapena ndi matenda aakulu. Choncho, mbali yofunika ya yakuthandizani ndi zochitika zonse za ndege, zochita zonse za thupi zosiyanasiyana zotsatira zodabwitsa mphamvu kuchokera-dziko.

Ziro-G Flight zimapangitsa mankhwala amakono ndi zamoyo ndi kuyambitsa ndi kulankhula (nthawi yomweyo kuchita, kumene), ya miyeso kuonetsetsa chombo oyenera kudya, kugona, kotunga mpweya, kukhala dzuwa ndi zina zotero.

Komanso, mankhwala lakonzedwa kuonetsetsa chombo thandizo wamakhalidwe vuto la mwadzidzidzi, zochitika mwadzidzidzi, komanso chitetezo chifukwa cha mphamvu osadziwika za mumlengalenga zina ndi danga. N'zovuta, kumafuna nthawi ndi khama, lalikulu ongolankhula maziko, ntchito kokha atsopano zipangizo zamakono ndi mankhwala.

Komanso, mankhwala ndime ndi sayansi ndi zamoyo ali ntchito kuteteza chombo cha zinthu thupi la zinthu danga, monga:

• kutentha;
• cheza;
• kuthamanga;
• meteorites.

Choncho, kuphunzira zinthu zonse izi ndi makhalidwe n'kofunika kwambiri.

Njira Research mu Biology

Space zamoyo, ngati wina aliyense sayansi zamoyo waika zina za njira kuphunzira, ulusi ongolankhula kudziunjikira ndi kutsimikizira mfundo yake yeniyeni. Njirazi ndi nthawi sakhala zikutsatiridwa, kukumana kukonzanso ndi wamakono mogwirizana ndi nthawi yapano. Komabe, mbiri njira zamoyo akali zogwirizana lero. Njirazi ndi monga:

1. Penyetsetsani.
2. Kuyesera.
3. Mbiri kusanthula.
4. Kufotokozera.
5. Yerekezerani.

Izi njira ya m'munsi kwachilengedwenso kafukufuku, panopa nthawi zonse. Koma pali ena angapo kuti chikanachitika ndi chitukuko cha sayansi, sayansi pakompyuta ndi zamoyo. Ndi iwo omwe aitanidwa tsiku ndi kusewera udindo waukulu kwambiri kuphunzira kwachilengedwenso, mankhwala, mankhwala ndi njira thupi.

njira zamakono

1. Njira kukonza majini ndi bioinformatics. Apa akunena agrobacterial ndi ballistic kusintha, PCR (polymerase unyolo anachita). Udindo wa maphunziro zamoyo dongosolo amenewa ndi yaikulu chifukwa cholola ife kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto a zakudya ndi oxygenation wa launchers roketi ndi cabins kwa boma wabwino opita.
2. Njira zomanga thupi umagwirira ndi histochemistry. Iwo amakulolani kuugwira mapuloteni ndi michere mu zamoyo.
3. Ntchito kuwala wamamamayikirosikopu, superresolution wamamamayikirosikopu.
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo ndi sayansi ndi njira kafukufuku.
5. Biotelemetry - njira, umene ndi chifukwa cha kuphatikiza ntchito ya akatswiri ndi madokotala biobased. Timatha inu kulamulira ntchito zonse physiologically zofunika za chamoyo chapatali mwa thupi kulankhulana wailesi ndi kompyuta kaundula. Space zamoyo amagwiritsa njira imeneyi monga maziko kuyan'anila zotsatira za zinthu danga pa chombo zamoyo.
6. Tizilombo limasonyeza malo interplanetary. A njira yofunika kwambiri danga zamoyo, amene amalola kuti asa- boma sing'anga interplanetary, kuti mudziwe za makhalidwe a mapulaneti osiyana. maziko ali pano kugwiritsa ntchito zinyama zimatulutsa Integrated. Yesero nyama (mbewa, agalu, anyani) wachotsa zambiri kuchokera zili m'njira ya dziko limene ntchito ndi asayansi kwa kusanthula ndi tanthauzo lake.

njira zamakono za kafukufuku kwachilengedwenso angathetse osati vuto la malo zamoyo zapamwamba, komanso chilengedwe.

Mavuto a Space Biology

Zonse izi njila za kafukufuku Biomedical, mwatsoka, sanathe koma kuthetsa mavuto onse danga zamoyo. Pali nkhani zosiyanasiyana apakhungu wotithandiza kuti lero. The mavuto waukulu anakumana ndi mankhwala mlengalenga ndi zamoyo.

1. Kusankha ogwira anaphunzitsidwa ndege mu mlengalenga, ukupeza kuti kukumana zofunikira za asing'anga (kuphatikizapo adzalola chombo kupirira maphunziro lolimba ndiponso kuphunzitsa kwa ndege).
2. A mlingo wamakhalidwe maphunziro ndi kupereka zofunika ntchito malo oyeretsa onse.
3. Kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha magawo onse (kuphatikizapo anthu zinthu osadziwika kapena yachilendo chikoka kwa maplaneti ena) zombo ntchito ndi aviakonstruktsiyam.
4. Psychophysiological konzanso la chombo kubwerera ku Earth.
5. Kupeza njira kuteteza chombo ndi spacecraft ku cheza cha.
6. Kuonetsetsa moyo wabwinobwino mu cabins pa ndege mu mlengalenga.
7. Development ndi ntchito makompyuta mu mankhwala modernized danga.
8. Kukhazikitsa malo telemedicine ndi umisiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za sayansi izi.
9. Zimene mavuto mankhwala ndi kwachilengedwenso kwa omasuka chombo zouluka kuti Mars ndi maiko ena.
10. Kaphatikizidwe wothandizila pharmacological kuti adzathetsa vuto zida mpweya malo.

Akupangidwa bwino ndi Integrated mu ntchito njira za kafukufuku Biomedical iyankha ntchito zonse zofunikira ndi mavuto. Komabe, pamene kuli - funso kumvetsa, ndiponso sizimadziwika ndithu.

Tikumbukenso kuti Yankho mafunso awa kuchita osati Russian asayansi, koma bungwe sayansi mayiko onse a dziko. Ndipo kuti ndi mwayi waukulu. Atafufuza olowa ndi kufufuza adzatero yakusatetezeka kudya ndi zabwino. Close mgwirizano padziko lonse kuthetsa mavuto a danga - chinsinsi bwino mu chitukuko cha zolakwa-dziko danga.

patsogolo Recent

zikayenda amenewa ndi ambiri. Ndipotu, chomwe chimathandiza ntchito tima ikuchitika tsiku, mokwanira ndi kalavulagaga kupeza zambiri zipangizo zatsopano, kutengapo maganizo ndi zopanga malingaliro.

Mmodzi wa atulukira zofunika kwambiri akatswiri a za m'ma XXI anali anapeza madzi Mars. Izi yomweyo wafunsira kubadwa kwa ambiri malingaliro za kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa moyo pa dziko, kuthekera wasamuka wa Earthlings pa Mars, ndi zina zotero.

Chinanso chinafukufuku chinali chakuti asayansi atanthauzira zaka zomwe munthu amakhala wosangalala komanso wopanda zotsatira zingakhale mlengalenga. Mbadwo uwu ukuyamba kuchokera zaka 45 ndipo umatha pafupifupi zaka 55 mpaka 60. Achinyamata omwe amapita ku danga, amavutika maganizo kwambiri ndi thupi lawo pambuyo pobwerera kudziko lapansi, amawongoledwa ndi kumangidwanso.

Madzi anapezanso pa Mwezi (2009). Ndiponso, mercury ndi ndalama zambirimbiri zinapezeka pa Earth's satellite.

Njira zowatengera, komanso zowonetsera ndi zizindikiro za thupi zimatilola kuganiza molimba mtima kuti kupanda ungwiro (kosakhala koopsa kuposa dziko lapansi) kumayambitsidwa ndi maizoni a ionic ndi dothi mu danga.

Kafukufuku wa sayansi wakhala akutsimikizira kuti kukhala nthawi yaitali mu denga sikusokoneza thanzi la astronauts. Komabe, mavutowa amakhalabe m'maganizo.

Kafukufuku wapangidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti zomera zapamwamba zimayankha mosiyana pokhala mlengalenga. Mbewu za zomera zina panthawi yophunzira sizinawonetsere kusintha kwa chibadwa. Zina, mmalo mwake, zinkasonyeza kuwonongeka koonekeratu pa maselo a maselo.

Zomwe zimachitika pa maselo ndi minofu ya zamoyo (zinyama) zatsimikizira kuti malo sangasokoneze chizoloŵezi ndi chikhalidwe cha ziwalo izi.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maphunziro a zachipatala (tomography, MRI, mayesero a magazi ndi mkodzo, cardiogram, computed tomography, etc.) zatsimikizira kuti matupi aumunthu, zamaganizo, maonekedwe a morphological a maselo aumunthu amakhala osasintha pamene akhala mu malo kwa masiku 86.

Mu labotale, kanakonzedwe kamene kanakonzedwanso kamene kanapangitsa kukhala pafupi ndi chikhalidwe chopanda malire ndipo potero amaphunzira mbali zonse za zotsatira za dziko lino pamtundu. Izi zinathandizanso kuti zikhale ndi njira zingapo zothandizira kuti izi zisawonongeke pamtunda waumunthu.

Zotsatira za exobiology zinali data zosonyeza kukhalapo kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kunja kwa dziko lapansi. Pakalipano pokhapokha malingaliro ophiphiritsira a malingaliro awa atheka, koma posakhalitsa asayansi akukonzekera kupeza umboni ndi zothandiza.

Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi, akatswiri a sayansi, madokotala, akatswiri a zachilengedwe ndi akatswiri amatsenga, njira zozama za chikoka cha anthu pa zamoyo zinawululidwa. Zinali zotheka kukwaniritsa izi mwa kupanga zachilengedwe zakuthupi kunja kwa dziko lapansi ndi kuwapangitsa kukhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi za Padziko lapansi.

Izi siziri zonse zomwe zimachitika pa biology, malo ndi zakuthambo lero, koma zokhazokha. Pali kuthekera kwakukulu, kuzindikira kuti ndi ntchito yanji ya sayansi yamtsogolo.

Moyo mu danga

Malingana ndi malingaliro amakono, moyo mu denga ukhoza kukhalapo, chifukwa zowonjezereka zowoneka posachedwapa zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mapulaneti ena abwino oyenera kuti chiyambike ndi chitukuko cha moyo. Komabe, maganizo a asayansi pankhaniyi akugwera m'magulu awiri:

• Moyo ulibe ponseponse, kupatula Pansi, panalibe ndipo sipadzakhalanso;
• Moyo uli m'zinthu zamkati zamkati, koma anthu sanazipezepo.

Zomwe mwazifukwa ziri zolondola - ndizoti aliyense aziganiza. Umboni ndi kukana zili zokwanira kwa wina ndi mzake.