Magawo waukulu wa zachuma chitukuko, nkhani ndi njira. zachuma Modern

pamoyo wao ndi yosiyanasiyana. Kuphunzira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhalapo anthu ake walenga zosiyanasiyana amalanga sayansi. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi chiphunzitso zachuma. Kuphunzira sayansi ili adzakhala ayenera kuyamba ndi mbiri ya chiyambi chake ndi chitukuko. Izi adzalola kumvetsa bwino mwambo zovuta.

Khama la chuma

Pali kutanthauzira zosiyanasiyana za chilangochi m'zigawozigawo ndi capacious, omwe ali olondola. Pa dzanja limodzi, chuma - ntchitoyi zachuma. Pa zina - national kapena banja. Kukambirana amapitiriza zachuma malonda, mafakitale, kapena dziko lonse. Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, mfundo imeneyi ndiye maziko kwa anthu.

Ndi boma la dongosolo moyo thandizo, kuthetsa vutolo osati kupanga, komanso kuti uzigawidwa zina ndi kumwa zosiyanasiyana katundu. Tinganene mosakayika kuti chuma ali anatuluka ndi munthu. Masiku ano, akalipo kuti athandize anthu onse.

zachuma

Zadzidzidzi ufulu wa Khalidwe la Dziwani wa anthu kuthana ndi mavuto ena okhudzana ndi makonzedwe a moyo wawo. Economy ndi sayansi zachuma iyawonekambo pachifukwa ichi. Akuti zoyambira chidziwitso chilango anthu ogwidwa ngakhale anthu wosazindikira, pamene gawo ena aliyense wa mankhwala yotengedwa analandira yense wa mamembala ake.

sayansi Economic amaphunzira malamulo kuthandiza boma, kampani kapena munthu kuthetsa mavuto ake zachuma. N'chifukwa chake chidziwitso cha chilango chimenechi n'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha anthu onse.

masiteji mapangidwe

Economics ndi sayansi zachuma anapitiriza kusintha ndi munthu. Malamulo a chilango chimene anali woyamba wolembedwa zikalata inakhazikitsa mu mayiko a Ancient East. Zinali mpambo wa malamulo a Babulo, amene anatenga mu BC 8 atumwi. e. Economic malamulo anthu olembedwa m'Baibulo. Iwo ali pa 2 ndi 1 Zakachikwi BC.

Akukhulupirira kuti magawo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha sayansi zachuma adakali chiyambi chake anthu akale. Zikamera chilango ichi kugwirizana ndi Roma ndi Greece, ntchito akatswiri. Poyamba, iwo ankaona yekha ntchito za kusamalira banja ndi kunyumba.

Ena amakhulupirira kuti magawo chachikulu cha sayansi zachuma monga chilango palokha zinachitika kokha m'zaka 16-17. Izi zinachitika pa zikamera wa dongosolo capitalist. Inali nthawi imeneyi anayamba kulankhulana mwa ogwira ntchito ndi pakati pa mabanja anayamba kupanga misika mayiko osiyanasiyana. boma kunadetsa anayamba kulabadira moyo chuma cha anthu. Zonsezi n'chifukwa kufalitsa anthu onse kulanga kwa kupanga ndi kumwa katundu osiyanasiyana.

Magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko monga zachuma ndi zikamera wa chuma ndale. Mawu latsopanolo anaonekera m'zaka 17. pambuyo buku Antuana De Montchretien - zachuma ku France. Labor, imene inkatchedwa "A Treatise on Economy Political" anakamba chiphunzitso cha kufunika ziyang'aniridwe boma la msika alipo. Kulibenso ankaona kasamalidwe banja. chuma Political anayamba akuimira sayansi ya malamulo a mapangidwe msika dziko. M'mawu ena, chilango kwambiri kukodzedwa kuchuluka kwa kufufuza ake. Awa ndi magawo chachikulu chitukuko cha sayansi chuma (mwachidule).

Chibwenzi, chiphunzitso cha kupanga ndi kufalitsa zosiyanasiyana katundu aliyense dziko amatchedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Turkey, ndi Sweden ndi "dziko chuma", ndi liwu loti phokoso Chifinishi ngati "chiphunzitso cha chuma." Mu Russia ano, dzina la chilango "chiphunzitso ambiri a zachuma."

phunziro la

Nthawi zonse, chuma ndi chidwi osiyanasiyana waukulu mavuto anthu. N'chifukwa chake panalibe kutanthauzira yunifolomu ya nkhani ya chilango. Pamene akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti amachita sayansi ndi zinthu umoyo wa anthu, pamene ena amanena kuti chiphunzitso Mzimuyo gulu la mowa ndi kuwombola. Panali maganizo ena ambiri.

zachuma Modern amachokera chakuti chinthu phunziro ake ndi vuto la osauka a mmudzi ndi osawerengeka zofunika pamoyo anthu. Kulanga masiku ano anthu zochimwazo kumathetsa vuto apeza phindu pazipita pa mtengo wotsikitsitsa anatenga.

Economic Sciences dongosolo ndimaganizo ambiri. Mu chilango chimenechi pali zigawo zitatu:

- Kuyamba kwa chiphunzitso cha chuma;
- Microeconomics;
- macroeconomics.

zigawo zonse za sayansi zachuma ndi zofunika kwambiri. Komabe, woyamba wa iwo n'kofunika kwambiri. Iwo amachita mbali wachibadidwe ndi methodological. N'chifukwa chake N'zosatheka kuphunzira chitukuko onse micro- ndi macroeconomics.

Chigawo chachiwiri amafufuza sayansi yaing'ono mayunitsi chuma, kupereka malongosoledwe a anasankha makampani ndi anthu. Koma zazikulu za citukuko, pali chodabwitsa cha phunziro zikuluzikulu msika, chifukwa mu mlingo wa boma ndi anthu. Zigawo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu wa zachuma bwinobwino alibe. Micro- ndi macroeconomics n'zogwirizana. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa zochita zonse anatengedwa pa mlingo wa mabungwe a zachuma, ndi chikoka mwachindunji pa mapangidwe msika dziko.

Umagwira ntchito malangizo a zachuma

ndi udindo wa sayansi ya kupanga ndi kufalitsa ubwino anthu ndi chiyani? Ntchito yaikulu ya chuma - chidziwitso. Mwambo akulongosola, mwachidule ndi kulongosola njira zonse kupanga ndi mowa.

nkhani zachuma Sciences zachokera chuma, umene uli waukulu methodological chifukwa cha malangizo ake onse. Iyi ndi nkhani yachiwiri yaikulu ntchito ya chilango chimenechi. Chiphunzitso, zida ndi zipangizo phunziro la chuma cha ntchito zamalonda ndi mafakitale, zoyendera Catering ndi zina zotero. D.

sayansi Economic akutumikira ntchito yeniyeni. Zimatanthauza njira zonse zabwino ndi zoipa ndi miyeso zofunika kutukuka kwa anthu pa siteji opatsidwa chitukuko.

Pali ena sayansi ndi zachuma. Ntchito yawo yaikulu ndiyo kufufuza mbali zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe munthu amacheza nawo. sayansi izi monga Chaanthu ndi sayansi ndale, ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Phunziro nkhani amalanga awa alipo pamene phunziro la chiphunzitso zachuma.

njira

Phunziro ankaona sayansi aliyense, amaphunzira mothandizidwa ndi njira zina. Njira zachuma ndi osiyana. mndandanda lawo kumaphatikizapo:

1. ofunda maganizo. Timatha zochitika zachuma ndi kuphunzira ndi mawonekedwe awo ndi dongosolo.
2. Analysis. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuphunzira nkhani ya mbali iliyonse payokha.
3. kupatsidwa ulemu. Njira kutsatira kuyambira makamaka kwa onse, ndi kumanga pa maziko a mfundo anasonkhanitsa chiphunzitso makamaka.
4. deduction. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za njira izi ndi kumanga malingaliro amene ndiye poyerekeza ndi mfundo.
5. Fanizo. Iyi ndi njira, kuwulula kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa njira ndi zochitika Zimathandizanso kudziwa mawu atsopano a kale.
6. Kufanizira. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kulanda katundu wina kuti ankaphunzira chodabwitsa osadziwika.
7. Dialectics. Ndi njira yomwe amagwiritsa osiyanasiyana njira zosiyanasiyana kuphunzira.
8. abstraction sayansi. Iwo kumapereka lingaliro la wosasinthika zochitika zonse za dera zachuma, kuwonjezera akuphunziridwa.
9. njira zakale. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza chaka makhalidwe amene dongosolo losiyana zachuma.
10. Njira zomveka. ntchito yake imapereka kusintha kuchokera ku zocholoŵana kwambiri.

njira analipo a zachuma monga onse mawerengeredwe zachuma ndi masamu. Ndi kulongosola chidule cha chowonadi. Chotero chitsanzo zingathandize kudziŵa chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zochitika zachuma, kusintha awo, moyo, ndi amadza kuti akhoza kunyamula.

Magwero a zachuma

Systematization wofunika kwambiri kwa anthu, chilangocho anali kufanana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa States. Magawo woyamba wa sayansi chuma anali mu heyday wa World Ancient. Chiyambi cha chilango chimenechi zikugwirizananso ndi ntchito akatswiri ndi ena abwanamkubwa boma. anzeru awa ndafuna idealize kapolo chikhalidwe ndi chuma wachibadwa, kudalira malamulo a makhalidwe, makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe.

Koyamba zigawo zikuluzikulu zachuma chitukuko akhala anadutsa nzeru ena a ku Girisi. Mu zolemba zake, iwo systematized zilizonse wopereŵera lingaliro la ulimi ndi chuma. Chotero panali zikamera wa mwambo watsopano, amene ali maonekedwe sayansi.

Mndandanda wa aphunzitsi otchuka ndi Xenophon, Plato ndi Aristotle. Ndipo magawo waukulu wa zachuma chitukuko kuchokera pachiyambi mpaka masiku pano, n'zosatheka kufotokoza popanda kutchulanso asayansi awa. Ndipotu maganizo Plato wa "chuma" polima. nzeru zapamwamba yoyambayi pofuna kutsimikizira kulondola wa m'gulu la Boma ntchito ndi amadziŵika monga malonda, luso komanso ulimi. Xenophon akukonda ulimi ang'onoang'ono ndi ganizo zachilengedwe kuli amuna mfulu ndi akapolo.

Kwambiri mphatso za chitukuko cha sayansi zachuma yotentha ndi Plato. Iye analenga chiphunzitso cha boma abwino, chifukwa kuli ndilo chilungamo. Malinga ndi iye, ngati dongosolo chikhalidwe aliyense ayenera kuchita zokhazo zimene angathe kuchita kwambiri.

Zimathandiza kuti chitukuko cha sayansi chuma anapanga ndi Aristotle. ntchito zake zinasonyeza m'madera onse a chidziwitso zinalili pa nthawiyo. Malinga ndi Aristotle, ukapolo - ndi maziko a Kuthi lamulo lililonse, ndi akapolo - zida moyo. Komabe, iye ananena kuti munthu sangathe kunja boma ndi anthu.

Development wa sayansi azachuma kudzakhala anapitiriza m'nyengo ya kuchita chuma ang'onoang'ono. Pankhaniyi, chiphunzitso cha ulimi ndi chuma cha anali zamulungu. Mu mabuku a nzeru ena a Ages Middle izo wolungana ndi ulamuliro chuma achipembedzo ndiponso yakale ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Mmodzi asayansi awa anali Arab States, katswiri wa nzeru ndi mbiri Ibn Khaldun.

Magawo waukulu wa zachuma chitukuko ndi zamalonda sangathe anafotokoza popanda kutchula ntchito zake. Ibn Khaldun anaumirira kuthetsa dyera ndi kuwononga zinthu, moyipa analankhula za wotuluka lalikulu usurious nadzinenera ntchito zachifundo. Mosiyana ndi ziphunzitso za nzeru ena a dziko wakale, nzeru zapamwamba Arab anaukitsa ndalama wopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a ndalama za golidi ndi siliva, m'gulu la zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa moyo zachuma.

Mu Ulaya, olemba lapadera kwambiri ganizo chuma Zapakati anali St. Augustine ndi Foma Akvinsky. Woyamba akatswiri awiriwa anaumirira kufunika ntchito konsekonse, kufotokozera maganizo Kuyanjana pakathi pa olimba maganizo ndi thupi. Pa yomweyo woganiza ankaona tchimo lalikulu kupeza phindu malonda ndi ntchito usurious.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso Fomy Akvinskogo, zinthu zonse mu dziko simuli anthu koma kwa Mulungu. Ndicho chifukwa chake iwo ayenera kukhala ambiri m'chilengedwe. Wafilosofi natsutsa katapira, koma anaumirira kufunika kuli magulu a anthu ndi chuma payekha.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa sukulu za chiphunzitso zachuma

Iwo inatha mu masiku mdima wa Ages Middle. Koma mavuto zikuluzikulu za sayansi zachuma osati ndiyakuti. Iwo inkakhala chakuti, anthu a m'mayiko wakale wa dziko ndi Zapakati sankakhoza kupanga chiphunzitso umodzi. maso awo anali khalidwe otalikirana.

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano inali nthawi ya kulengedwa kwa sukulu woyamba chiphunzitso zachuma. Iye ankatchedwa mercantilism kuti "malonda" kumatanthauzanji Latin. Okhulupirira chiphunzitso chimenechi kuzindikiridwa chuma cha mtundu wa siliva ndi golide, gwero umene uli dera la kufalitsidwa. Anthu a sukulu sadachokera theorists. Ambiri a iwo anali malonda panyanja.

M'masiku amenewo, pamene zinalengedwa kwambiri atulukira Hrs, unapangidwa mercantilism oyambirira. Leni umenewu unali pakati pa zana la 16. Oimira sukuluyi n'kuona mmene malamulo okha kuonjezera chuma. Iwo analetsa katundu wa golide ndi siliva, komanso asagwiritse ntchito malangizo.

Kuyambira 16 mpaka m'ma 17 anali m'bandakucha mochedwa mercantilism. Maziko a chiphunzitso ichi sukulu anali kuonjezera otaya wolowa poyerekeza imports katundu. Otsatira sukulu ya mercantilism mochedwa ankakhulupirira kuti dziko lidzakhala watanthauzo, pokhalabe ndi yogwira malonda bwino. The oimira kukuchititsa zimenezi anatilola kuchita katundu kunja kwa golide ndi siliva. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti amachita malonda yabwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ntchito inatha umene lalikulu ndi exporting kwambiri olandiridwa.

Mavuto a sayansi zachuma kuyambira theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18. Ndi kusiya zochimwazo kumathetsa chiphunzitso cha Physiocrats. Pa mfundo imeneyi ndi sukulu French wa chuma analengedwa.

Physiocrats amanena kuti gwero la chuma cha mtundu uliwonse ndi dera kupanga zinthu, osati za kufalitsidwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo kulankhula za kufunika kwa ntchito zaulimi okha. Okhulupirira chiphunzitso chimenechi anawagawa anthu onse m'magulu atatu:

- alimi;
- eni dziko;
- anthu ena onse.

Otsiriza a makalasi atatu awa Physiocrats wouma.

Chakale School of Economy Political

Dzina la azimuth zinali zoona kwa sayansi ya njira zawo ndi mbalume. School of Economy Political anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma 17 mochedwa., Kufika pachimake zaka 18-19. Mu chitukuko cha azimuth izi zikhoza allocated kuti magawo anayi. The woyamba anali ku mapeto 17 theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18. Izi zinali nthawi imene mofulumira osauka msika chuma ndi ganizo zachuma lolunjika pa dera la kupanga. Anthu a sukulu imeneyi, yomwe m'gulu la England Uilyam Petti ndi France Pierre Buagilberg ankanena kuti mtundu alemera osati chifukwa zitsulo wapatali. mbali yofunika kusewera ngati nyumba ndi dziko, katundu ndi ngalawa.

Wachitatu lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma 18. gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko cha chuma chakale ndale. Mu nthawi imeneyi lidalembedwa ntchito za Adam Smith - nzeru zapamwamba Scottish ndi zachuma. Iye wapanga amathandiza kwambiri chitukuko cha chuma, atakhala pansi chilango monga chiphunzitso coherent, kupeza ubale pakati pa onse a zanyengo. Adam Smith anati yekha chodzikonda chimalimbikitsa munthu ntchito zachuma. Malinga ndi nzeru zapamwamba, anthu onse akufuna kudzikundikira chuma ndi mkhalidwe wawo ndalama. Pankhaniyi, kuyendetsedwa ndi ntchito munthu kumathandiza kuti wotukuka wa anthu. Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti malamulo a zachuma ati ntchito kokha mu zikhalidwe za mpikisano ufulu ndi ufulu kayendedwe ka likulu, katundu ndi ndalama.

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Gawo lachitatu la chuma ndale kusukulu. Izi zinali imene ambiri m'mayiko otukuka anamaliza mafakitale.

A nthumwi otchuka wa sukulu uyu anali D. Ricardo. Iwo kulengedwa kwa chakale chuma ndale inatha. Riccardo undoubted mtengo ndi ulaliki wake wa mwambo zinayendera zomveka kulamula kupezeka pa nthawi ya chidziwitso zachuma. Asayansi anakonza chiphunzitso cha ntchito poyerekeza, amene anali ngati umboni wa malonda matanthauzo opindulitsa lonse.

An malo ofunika a zachuma mu chitukuko cha anthu chimene chasonyeza mu chachinayi, gawo lotsiriza la sukulu ya chuma chakale ndale yomwe inayamba linakhalapo mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Oimira kwambiri gulu limeneli anali John Stuart Mill ndi Karl Marx.

Mwa ntchito zawo, asayansi anadalira pa chakudya cha sukulu yapamwamba, koma pa nthawi yomweyo atapereka maganizo nzeru. Iwo ankanena za kufunika nawo boma vuto la zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, tinakambirana za dongosolo zokomera, kuteteza ndi kuteteza zofuna za kalasi ntchito. Choncho, Karl Marx analenga chiphunzitso cha chiwonongeko mosalephera a bizinesi ndi gulu zotheka kwa anthu popanda chuma payekha chomwe pambuyo sanali anatsimikizira mu mchitidwe.

sukulu zamakono

Zambiri mumaganiza latsopano chuma wakhala anapanga kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19 ndi 20. sukuluzi amaonedwa kukhala amakono. Pa nthawi imene sayansi zachuma panayikidwa chikhalidwe, anapanga njira monga institutionalism. Dzina la mawu amenewa amatanthauza "zochita", ndi "chizolowezi" ndi "malangizo".

Magawo waukulu wa zachuma chitukuko kwa institutionalism ndi kulingalira danga osiyanasiyana a anthu. Koma sukuluyi, mosiyana ndi anzake ena onse, maziko lingaliro la "khalidwe pamalo" pa dera zachuma.

Institutionalism wadutsa mu masiteji atatu. Kutha kwa oyamba mu 20-30-ntchentche za zana la 20. Yachiwiri zinatha mpaka 60-70s. Iyo inali nthawi poganizira mavuto zaziwerengero, kuphunzira kwa ogwira ncthito kuyenda ndi zotsutsana alipo umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha bizinesi. Mu gawo lachitatu oimira sukulu kuphunzira zotsatira za njira kunachitika dera zachuma moyo chikhalidwe.

Institutionalism ali malangizo zingapo:

- chikhalidwe ndi malamulo;
- maganizo;
- osadziwika ndi zowerengera.

Mwa zochita latsopano zachuma anatsindika Marginalism. oimira ake anali woyamba mu mbiri ya sayansi anayesapo kufufuza chodabwitsa msika kudzera mwa njira masamu, maziko a chiphunzitso cha kufalitsidwa kwa magulu zipatso, kufotokoza makhalidwe a anthu a mtima wofuna azipeza zofunikira ndi zina zotero D..

Palinso chiphunzitso chatsopano zachuma, ngati Keynesianism ndi Wachiwiri-Keynesianism, dirigisme ndipo pambuyo Keynesianism, monetarism ndi neoliberalism.