Katundu Public. Gulu. makhalidwe a

The nkhani zachuma a boma ali angapo ntchito zofunika. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi kupanga katundu kwa anthu. Izi katundu anthu ndi wofunika kwa anthu ambiri (mwachitsanzo, milatho dziko chitetezo, etc.). Monga ulamuliro, kupanga ngati kuti payekha gawo si ndakuwonetserani, ndipo amasamalira boma.

Ngati makonzedwe a phindu kwa munthu N'zosatheka kupereka ena ndi kumwa pamodzi, umatchedwa woyera pagulu. Mwachitsanzo angakhale aboma chitetezo anthu za tsiku ndi onse pamlingo womwewo. Choncho, wangwiro katundu pagulu - ndi katundu imathandizanso ntchito amene ali inextricably anagawira mudziko. Pankhaniyi, ntchito yogawa sadalira pa mtima nzika munthu kugula kapena kugula iwo (katundu).

katundu koyera onse ndi makhalidwe awiri. The choyamba - chosowa kupikisana mu mowa - limasonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa ogula la zofunikira kwa aliyense wa iwo, konse amachepetsa. Ngati katundu oyera onse operekedwa ndi ogula munthu, ndalama ndi ziro. Ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu ogula akutsatiridwa mfundo za Pareto kusintha (poyerekeza ndi boma yapita mu zinasintha chuma, palibe mbodzi atayika ndi ena mwa ophunzira ubale zachuma mpaka anapambana).

Mbali yachiwiri - neisklyuchaemost - ndi kuti limapanga katundu anthu sizingatheke kuchotsa wosuta ku ntchito. Sapulaya sangathe kulowa osiyana ubwenzi zachuma ndi wina kasitomala.

katundu koyera awamba sanaiwombole pa msika. Iwo lolipiridwa ndi dongosolo boma msonkho.

Chifukwa chakuti kumwa katundu pagulu limodzi ndi zotsatira zabwino kwa anthu onse, nkhani zachuma ayenera efficiently kuthetsa mavuto osati kugawira ena, ndi kupereka buku kofunika kupanga awo.

Kumene, gulu la si lingaliro la mowa payekha ndi ambiri ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Choncho mbali Akutsatira mwina amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana zizindikiro wachibale katundu wina kapena ena kapena ntchito. Motero, onsewo phindu payekha ndi anthu akhoza kukhala chosaneneka (kapena zina mbali).

Athandize ndi digiri yapamwamba ya selectivity ndi otsika excludability, lotchedwa ubwino mowa olowa. Malamulo mu mowa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito imakhudzana ndi ndalama yapamwamba. Monga ulamuliro, madalitso amenewa ndi monga kunyanja, m'mapaki, malo onse maulendo, ndi kotero kuti iwo amatchedwanso limodzi. Chikhalidwe migwirizano ya ntchito zawo kumathandiza kuti mkulu mlingo wa mpikisano pa mfundo za "amene anabwera koyamba, ndi mtima woyambawo."

Ubwino wokhala ndi mkulu mlingo ndi digiri otsika excludability selectivity isklyuchemymi wotchedwa gulu (anthu). Pankhaniyi, kupeza ntchito wawo (ndi ndalama zazing'ono) yochepa. Nthawi zina, mlingo wabwino wa selectivity mwina kuchepetsedwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ogula. Pankhaniyi, pa ina (a "kufika zimamuchulukira") kupereka kumwa zina amagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka ndalama zina - pansi zofunikira kwa ogula.

Phindu limene mowa si mpikisano kusungidwa mu nambala yeniyeni owerenga, wotchedwa overloading. Mwachitsanzo, pamene chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa kumawonjezera kuchulukana carriageway Choncho yafupika liwiro.

Kufuna katundu anthu unakhazikitsidwa mogwirizana ndi mlingo wa awo zofunikira mmphepete ogula nthawi iliyonse wina mtengo mlingo.