Matenthedwe patsogolo zolimba ndi zakumwa

Amadziwika kuti pansi zochita za particles kutentha imathandizira kayendedwe ake mwachisawawa. Ngati inu kutenthetsa mpweya, mamolekyulu kupanga izo, amauluka Chrixitu. The madzi mkangano choyamba kuwonjezera mphamvu, ndipo amayamba asanduke nthunzi. Ndipo zimene zidzachitike ndi zolimba? Osati aliyense wa iwo akhoza kusintha mkhalidwe wawo wa loitanirana.

Matenthedwe kuwonjezeka: Tanthauzo

Matenthedwe kuwonjezeka - ndi kusintha mu kukula ndi mawonekedwe a kusintha kutentha thupi. Mwamasamu, munthu kuwerengera buku kuwonjezeka koyefishienti, kulola kulosera khalidwe mpweya zakumwa mu kusintha kwa zinthu kunja. Kuti zotsatira zofanana kwa zolimba, m'pofunika kuganizira za koyefishienti cha kuwonjezedwa liniya. Asayansi kupeza gawo lonse kuti mtundu uwu wa kufufuza n'kulitcha dilatometry.

Akatswiri ndi mapulani kudziwa za khalidwe la zipangizo zosiyanasiyana pansi kutentha ndi otsika kwa kamangidwe ka nyumba, amaika mumsewu misewu ndi mapaipi.

Kukula kwa mpweya

kuwonjezeka matenthedwe limodzi ndi kukula kwa mpweya voliyumu danga. Iwo taonera naturalists-nzeru ena kalelo, koma kumanga masamu kuchitika kokha mu sayansi amakono.

Choyamba asayansi chidwi kukula kwa mlengalenga, monga anaiona ntchito yotheka. Iwo zimenezi mwachangu anatenga mlandu, amene analandira zotulukapo zotsutsana kwambiri. Mwachibadwa, munthu wotero zotsatira zosakhutitsa dera sayansi. Zoona muyeso ankadalira thermometer chimene ntchito, kuthamanga, ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Ena asayansi ngakhale amakhulupirira kuti kukula kwa mpweya sadalira pa kusintha kutentha. Kapena kudalira izi si kwathunthu ...

Ntchito ya Dalton ndi Gay-Lussac

Asayansi anapitiriza kutsutsana okha mawu kapena asiya muyeso, ngati si Dzhon Dalton. Iye ndi wasayansi wina Gay-Lussac, nthawi yomweyo payekhapayekha mzake anali kupeza zotsatira zofanana kayesedwe.

Lussac anali kuyesera kupeza chifukwa cha nambala lalikulu la zotsatira zosiyana ndi kuti mabuku ena zida nthawi zinachitikira panali madzi. Mwachibadwa, pa Kutentha adziwonetsa nthunzi ndipo anasintha kuchuluka ndi zikuchokera mpweya mayeso. Choncho, chinthu choyamba chimene anapanga wasayansi - youma bwino onse zipangizo, imene ankagwiritsa ntchito zimenezo, ndipo analamulira ngakhale kuchuluka kochepa chinyezi wa mpweya mayeso. woyamba zitsanzo zotsatirazi anali zofunika kwambiri pambuyo mwai onsewa.

Dalton anachitira ndi nkhani yaitali kuposa anzake ndipo linatulutsa zotsatira mu pachiyambi cha m'ma XIX. Ndi mpweya zouma nthunzi asidi sulfuric kenako Kutentha izo. Pambuyo mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano, John anazindikira kuti mpweya onse ndi nthunzi ndi kukodzedwa ndi chinthu cha 0,376. Lussac Ife tiri chiwerengero 0.375. Izi zinali zotsatira za kufufuza boma.

Madzi nthunzi kuthamanga

Matenthedwe kukula kwa mpweya chimadalira pa elasticity awo, i.e. luso kubwerera kwa buku pachiyambi. Woyamba kufufuza nkhaniyo inali Ziegler pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Koma zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo wake ndi osiyana kwambiri. Chiwerengerochi More odalirika anali Dzheyms Uatt, ponena mkulu kutentha kukatentha Papin, ndi otsika - barometer.

Pa mapeto a XVIII m'ma French sayansi Prony anayesa amapeza chilinganizo aliwonse amene akhoza kufotokoza elasticity mpweya, koma kunapezeka wosamvetseka wolemera ndi zovuta ntchito. Dalton anaganiza empirically kutsimikizira kuwerengetsera pogwiritsa ntchito kupopa barometer. Ngakhale kuti kutentha zatsopano onse anali chimodzimodzi, zinali zolondola kwambiri. Choncho lofalitsidwa iwo mu mawonekedwe a tebulo mu sayansi buku.

Chiphunzitso cha evaporation

Matenthedwe kukula kwa mpweya (monga zamoyo thupi) lasintha zosiyanasiyana. Asayansi ku- zolowerana ndi njira pakati yotulutsa nthunzi. Apanso, ife yagoletsa wotchuka wa sayansi Dalton. Iwo conjectured kuti malo aliwonse mpweya ladzala ndi nthuzi kaya alipo mosungiramo (m'nyumba) mpweya wina aliyense kapena nthunzi. Choncho, tinganene kuti madzimadzi sadzakhala asanduke nthunzi langobwera mu kukhudzana ndi mpweya wa mlengalenga.

ndime ya mpweya padziko madzi kumaonjezera danga pakati pa ma atomu, pom'ng'amba iwo padera ndi evaporating, i.e. imapititsa mapangidwe nthunzi. Koma awiri molekyulu lidakali mphamvu yokoka, kotero asayansi ankaganiza kuti kuthamanga mumlengalenga sikumangotikhudza ndi evaporation zakumwa.

Kukula kwa zakumwa

Matenthedwe kuwonjezeka zakumwa ankafufuza limodzi ndi kukula kwa mpweya. Kafukufuku wa sayansi zikugwira asayansi chomwecho. Kuti tichite zimenezi, iwo ntchito thermometer aerometry, kulankhulana ziwiya ndi zipangizo zina.

Zimene onse pamodzi ndi payekha anatsutsa chiphunzitso cha Dalton kuti yunifolomu madzimadzi lomwe lakamba zambiri yolingana ndi lalikulu kutentha pa amene ali mkangano. Ndithudi, apamwamba kutentha kwambiri, buku la madzimadzi, koma mwachindunji ubwenzi sanali pakati pawo. Ndipo zingawathandize kuti madzi onse anali osiyana.

Matenthedwe patsogolo madzi Mwachitsanzo, kumayamba madigiri ziro Celsius ndipo amawachitira ndi kucheperachepera kutentha. Poyamba, Zotsatira experimental kugwirizana ndi chakuti madzi iko kokha patsogolo, ndi chidebe ndi tapered, imene ili. Koma patapita, wasayansi Deluca adakali ndi maganizo kuti chifukwa ayenera anafuna mu madzi. Iye anaganiza kupeza kutentha kwa kachulukidwe ake pazipita. Komabe, iye analephera chifukwa kunyalanyaza zina. Rumfort, amene anaphunzira zodabwitsazi, anapeza kuti kachulukidwe pazipita madzi zimawonedwa mu osiyanasiyana 4 5 madigiri Celsius.

Matenthedwe patsogolo matupi

Mu zolimba, limagwirira chachikulu ndi kusintha matalikidwe a kukula kwa kophimba krustalo. Mu mawu osavuta, maatomu omwe amapanga zinthu ndipo sankalimbana nafe zolumukizidwa pakati pawo, kuyamba "mungasase".

Chilamulo cha matupi matenthedwe kuwonjezeka anakonza motere: iliyonse ndi liniya gawo L mu ndondomeko Kutentha pa Deuteronomo (ankadziwana T - kusiyana kutentha koyamba ndi womaliza) kukodzedwa ndi ndalama DL (ankadziwana L - ndilochokera wa koyefishienti wa liniya kuwonjezeka matenthedwe mu kutalika kwa chinthu ndi kusiyana kutentha). Izi ndi Baibulo losavuta la chilamulo, amene ndi kusakhulupirika amaganizira kuti thupi kukodzedwa mbali zonse mwakamodzi. Koma ntchito zothandiza pogwiritsa ntchito kuwerengetsera zambiri wolemera, kuyambira kwenikweni, zipangizo sanachite zinthu monga yoyerekeza sayansi ndi masamu.

Matenthedwe kukula kwa zii

Pakuti kuika njanji wakhala anakopeka sayansi akatswiri, popeza mukhoza kuwerengera mmene mtunda kwambiri ayenera kukhala pakati pa mafupa a njanji kuti Kutentha kapena yozizira Njirayo si olumala.

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, ikukhudzana liniya kuwonjezeka applicable chifukwa zolimba onse. Ndipo njanji anali nazonso. Koma pali mwatsatanetsatane imodzi. Limbikitsa momasuka kumachitika ngati thupi osati anakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu kukhululukirana. njanji ndi kuliika kwa sleepers ndi njanji ndi welded kuti moyandikana, kotero lamulo, limene limafotokoza kusintha kutalika, limalola kugonjetsa zopinga mu mawonekedwe a kuthamanga, ndipo mbuyo kukana.

Ngati njanji sangasinthe m'litali, ndi kusintha kutentha izo kumawonjezera nkhawa ikukhudzana zomwe zikhonza kutambasula kapena compress izo. zodabwitsazi anafotokozedwa ndi lamulo Hooke.