Kodi kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe: chitsanzo. Kufotokozera za kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe wa chamoyo: Zitsanzo

Monga mmodzi wa zigawo zachilengedwe synecology amasanthula ubwenzi pakati pa anthu a anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kusinthasintha awo mmene chilengedwe. Zachilengedwe anapeza kuti zamoyo a m'dera moyo zogwirizana yeniyeni ndondomeko okhudza malo amene iwo kucheza wina ndi mzake, ndi mbali za biosphere kuti: madzi, nthaka, m'mlengalenga.

Malowa ali ndi dzina m'chilengedwe - zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono. Zitsanzo m'nkhani ino ukunenedwa kutsimikizira kuti ndi chibadidwe mtundu uliwonse zamoyo ndi chifukwa cha mogwirizana ndi chamoyo ndi anthu ena ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.

Makhalidwe zachilengedwe mitundu

Kunena zoona, zonse zamoyo pa phylogeny ndinazolowera kuti zinthu zenizeni abiotic. Kuchepetsa malo a m'deralo. Kuti, monga gulu la zamoyo zimavuta ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi anthu ena, ndi mapangidwe zachilengedwe, mutu umene - zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono. Zitsanzo za mayendedwe amoyo nyama limapezeka pa malo osiyanasiyana okhudza malo ndi trophic biogeocoenose - atombolombo chokhudzana ndi mtundu wa Arthropoda, Maphunziro Tizilombo. Akuluakulu - imago, kukhala ogwirira yogwira, ndi katswiri mpweya chivundikiro, pamene mphutsi yawo - mollusk, kupuma ndi makutu, ndi zamoyo za m'madzi.

mitundu khalidwe la kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe

Mlembi wa ntchito powerenga "chikhazikitso cha Ubale" Yu Odum anayambitsa mawu akuti "zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono, 'amene amagwiritsa kuphunzira biotic ubale anthu misinkhu yonse ya chipembedzo chake. Malinga ndi wasayansi, ndi udindo wa munthu mu chikhalidwe, ndiye udindo wake yofunika - ichi kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe. Chitsanzo yofotokoza tanthauzo limeneli - gulu la zomera otchedwa apainiya. Iwo ndi katundu wapadera thupi ndi zomera, kuzipatsa mosavuta kupambana madera ufulu. Awa Calamagrostis pansi, bedi udzu, Mar Belaya. Iwo apanga biocenoses chachikulu, chimene kusintha pa nthawi. Odum otchedwa thupi mu uthunthu wa kulankhula, ndi mphamvu ya moyo fano - chibvomerezo.

Model J. Hutchinson

Ponena kachiwiri kwa tanthauzo la "kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe" mawu akuti. Chitsanzo yofotokoza izo - woyera-tailed nswala, amene mkombero amagwirizana ndi danga Understory - osatha chitsamba chilichonse m'nkhalango. Iwo akutumikira monga nyama si gwero la chakudya, komanso kutetezedwa. Kukhazikika Hutchinson chitsanzo hypervolume biogeocoenose m'dera ndi moyo selo thandizo anthu alionse. Ndi zamoyo akhoza moyo kwa nthawi yaitali, kupewa zinthu Kuchepetsa chilengedwe. Research wasayansi akuwazenga pa maziko a analenga chitsanzo masamu, kupereka lingaliro malire mulingo woyenera kwambiri kuli magulu a zamoyo mu zimadalirana.

Gause mfundo

Limatchedwanso mpikisano kupatulana ulamuliro ndi ntchito pofotokoza mitundu iwiri ya kulimbana kwa kuli - mwa mtundu anaphunzira m'ma 19 ndi Charles Darwin. Ngati anthu zosowa kulowererana, monga trophic (ie okwana m'munsi chakudya) kapena okhudza malo (toyalana malo - malo) amene amadalira manambala awo, pamene co-kuli madera awa yochepa. Izi ndi zotsatira zidzayambitsa athamangitsidwe (kusamutsidwa zochepa ndinazolowera anthu) ndi resettlement wa zamoyo zambiri kumachita ndipo mofulumira proliferating mitundu ina.

Mwachitsanzo, wapadera wa makoswe imvi pang'onopang'ono osamukira anthu a makoswe wakuda. Iwo panopa ochepa ndi zimapezeka pafupi matupi madzi. Atatu magawo zimaonetsa maganizo "kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe." chitsanzo anafotokoza mawu amenewa amaona ndi ife poyamba paja, akuti: Species makoswe Gray inathetsedwa kulikonse (okhudza malo malo), ndi omnivorous (chakudya) ndi kusaka usana ndi usiku (nthawi magawano ntchito).

Chitsanzo china, amene amadziwika ulamuliro wa kupatulana mpikisano: atsamunda anafika ku Australia, anabweretsa anthu njuchi European. Mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha kuweta njuchi chiwerengero cha tizilombo izi chawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono m'malo mbadwa Australia njuchi malo a malo ake okhazikika, kuika mtundu uwu pa zobvuta kutha.

Nkhani ngati zimenezi zinachitikanso pa anthu a kalulu zoweta, yomwe ndi otulukira womwewo wa mayiko. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya, zinthu kwambiri nyengo ndi kupanda mpikisano kwatanthauza kuti anthu mitundu anayamba kulanda dera la malo ena ndi anthu akula manambala ngati kuti anayamba kuwononga mbewu ulimi.

Ikani mitundu topezeka kudera la

Adzapitiriza funsolo, kodi kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kupereka yankho yonse - m'pofunika udindo zomera wofiira clover. M'dera la kugawa ake - Europe, Africa North, Central Asia. Chiwerengero kukula optimally pa meadows mwachilungamo lonyowa pa kutentha wa +12 ... + 21 ° C. Iwo ndi udzu osatha kapena pansi nkhalango ndi alimi a unyolo chakudya zimadalirana.

Chiphunzitso cha kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe

Pamafunikanso choimira multidimensional danga gawo topezeka kuti ili magawo zinthu abiotic ndipo amapereka zifukwa zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana kwa anthu ndi anthu a mitundu ina: .. mpikisano, parasitism, commensalism etc. Makhalidwe zatchulidwazi biogeocoenose kupereka malongosoledwe wathunthu wa kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe a chamoyo. Zitsanzo zinyalala nyama, a m'banja la makoswe (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) agwilitse madera semidesert ndinazolowera fluctuation lakuthwa kwa usana ndi usiku kutentha. Kudya zomera ochepa, amatumikira monga chakudya cha nyama zikuluzikulu ndi mbalame: nkhandwe, mphungu, peregrine chiwombankhanga, akadzidzi.

Mulingo woyenera ndi malo enieni alionse aliko

Kumbukirani kuti akonzedwa ubale wa zamoyo ndi anthu a anthu ena ndipo ndi mmene chilengedwe - ichi kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo nthaka mabakiteriya-saprotroph, chakudya pa nkhani akufa organic ndi kuyeretsa dziko, komanso kutukula katundu agrochemical zikutsimikizira mapangidwe ambiri mabwenzi biotic ndi anthu ena a nthaka: mphutsi za tizilombo, zomera mizu, bowa. Vital ntchito za mabakiteriya nthaka zimadalira kutentha ndi chinyezi wa nthaka, kapangidwe kake physicochemical.

anthu ena - nitrifying mabakiteriya chemotroph - kupanga khola biotic kulankhulana ndi anthu a zomera Leguminous banja: nyemba mbewu vetch, lupines. Onse a magawo izi, zinthu zonse biotic ndi chilengedwe, zimapanga anazindikira zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono mabakiteriya. Ndi mbali ya kuthekera (lofunika kagawo kakang'ono) biogeocoenose, yomwe ndi ya zinthu mulingo woyenera imene mitundu akhoza kukhalapo mpaka kalekale.

Malamulo chofunika munda multidimensional chiwembu topezeka

Ngati biogeocoenosis mwaukali poyera kuti zochitika kwambiri abiotic monga moto, kusefukira kwa madzi, zivomezi kapena zinthu zoipa anthu, mbali zina za izo ndi ufulu, ndiye wopanda adakhalapo pano chiwerengero cha nyama ndi zomera. Maonekedwe a mitundu yatsopano moyo - motsatizana - kumabweretsa kusintha kuti mbali biogeocoenose, dzina - zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono zomera. Zitsanzo za tawuni yake pambuyo moto amasonyeza kuti m'malo nkhalango yotakata-Ndalankhula kubwera imodzi kapena biennial herbaceous chomera ndi mkulu vegetative mphamvu: msondodzi, msondodzi-therere, mayi ndi akulera ana opeza, ndi ena, ndi kumasula ena danga kamodzi njuchi ndi anthu zamoyo zina.

Mu pepala ili, tinaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane chinthu monga kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe a chamoyo. Zitsanzo kuonedwa ndi titsimikizire kuti ndi zovuta multidimensional kusinthidwa kwa zinthu mulingo woyenera moyo wa anthu a nyama ndi zomera.