Nyumba Megalithic: Mitundu ndi mitundu

Padziko lonse, kupatulapo Australia, pali zambiri zachinsinsi ndi nyumba zakalekale. Akatswiri ofufuza wasonyeza kuti zamangidwa mu Neolithic, Chalcolithic ndi Mkuwa Age. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti iwo onse kuimira chikhalidwe wamba, koma lero asayansi ambiri pansi chiphunzitso ichi mu funso. Ndiye, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani nyumba izi megalithic zinalengedwa? N'chifukwa chiyani ichi kapena mawonekedwe kuti ndi zimenezi zikutanthauza chiyani? Kodi mukuona zipilala za chikhalidwe wakale?

ndi megaliths chiyani?

Musanawerenge ndi kuphunzira nyumba megalithic, muyenera kumvetsa zimene zimapanga iwo anyamula. Lero akuti ndi unit zing'onozing'ono machenjerero oterewa megalith. Mawu akuti anali mwalamulo kuika mu terminology sayansi 1867, ndi Kutengera a Chingerezi katswiri A. Herbert. mawu "megalith" Greek, limatanthawuza "mwala waukulu" ikumasuliridwa Russian.

Yeniyeni ndi zochuluka tanthauzo la zimene megaliths, kulibe panobe. Lero ndi mawu amatanthauza nyumba akale a midadada mwala, mbale kapena apezeka yosavuta zamitundu yosiyanasiyana popanda kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikiza kapena cementing nyimbo ndi mavutowo. Mawonekedwe zosavuta nyumba megalithic, wopangidwa mwa wagawo imodzi yokha - izo menhirs.

Mbali yaikulu ya nyumba ya megalithic

Panthawi zosiyanasiyana anthu osiyanasiyana anamangidwira zomangamanga waukulu wa miyala ikuluikulu, zotchinga ndi slabs. Temple mu Baalbek ndi mapiramidi a Egypt komanso ali megaliths, iwo basi sawalola wotchedwa. Choncho, nyumba megalithic - zosiyanasiyana kutisokoneza analengedwa ndi chitukuko zosiyanasiyana wakale ndi lopangidwa ndi miyala ikuluikulu kapena slabs. Komabe, nyumba zonse amaonedwa megaliths, pali mbali, ndi ogwirizana:

1. Onse opangidwa ndi miyala, zotchinga ndi slabs chimphona kukula, kulemera amene angathe osiyanasiyana monga makumi angapo pogwiritsa matani mazana.

2. wakale nyumba megalithic zinamangidwa ku wolimba kugonjetsedwa wovulala miyala: limestones, andesites, basalts, diorites ndi ena.

3. Pa yomanga ndi simenti si ntchito - kaya njira yothetsera chikukonzekera kapena kupanga atilakwira.

4. ambiri nyumba pamwamba pa midadada kumene iwo wapangidwa mosamala kukonzedwa ndi apezeka okha woyenera mwamphamvu kwa wina ndi mzake. Kulondola ndi chotero kuti awiriwa midadada megalithic thanthwe chiphala sangathe n'kudziphatika kwa lumo la mpeni.

5. zambiri makombo kupulumuka nyumba megalithic mitundu ina ntchito ngati maziko a nyumba zawo, monga Tingaone mu nyumba pa kachisi ku Yerusalemu.

Pamene zinalengedwa?

Ambiri mwa malo megalithic ili mu UK, Ireland ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya Western pachibwenzi ku V-IV Zakachikwi BC. e. Ili m'malire a nyumba m'dziko lathu amakezana megalithic a IV -II Zakachikwi BC

Mitundu ya nyumba megalithic

Onse zosiyanasiyana nyumba megalithic akhoza salembedwa m'magulu awiri:

• manda;
• palibe maliro:
• am'nyozo;
• wopatulika.

Ngati megaliths m'manda ndi zambiri kapena sichidziwika bwino, apa ndi kuika nyumba am'nyozo, monga kuwerengetsera zosiyanasiyana chimphona makoma ndi misewu, kuphana ndi nsanja zogona ofufuza amanena. No mfundo zolondola ndi odalirika za momwe ntchito mtundu wopatulika megalithic nyumba: menhirs, cromlechs ndi ena.

Kodi n'chiyani?

Mitundu yofala megaliths ndi:

• menhirs - wosakwatiwa, vertically anapereka mwala wosema mpaka mamita 20 mkulu;
• dolmen - mgwirizano wa angapo a menhirs yaikulu padziko, n'kupanga semicircle kapena bwalo;
• dolmens - mawonekedwe ambiri megaliths ku Ulaya, tingati munthu kapena slabs zambiri miyala ikuluikulu anaika pa boulders zina ndi boulders;
• khonde - mmodzi wa mitundu dolmenov inakula;
• trilit - mwala dongosolo ongokhala awiri kapena kuposa ofukula ndi wina anaika pamwamba pa iwo horizontally, miyala;
• Taula - yomanga mwala mu mawonekedwe a zilembo Russian "T";
• cairn, amatchedwanso "cairn" kapena "ulendo" - dongosolo mobisa kapena pansi, anaika mu mawonekedwe a chulucho wa kuchuluka kwa miyala;
• mwala mizere - wayikidwa vertically ndi midadada yomweyi mwala;
• seid - changati chimwalacho mwala kapena njerwa, kapena wokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu mu malo makamaka, nthawi zambiri pamalo okwera, kuti zochitika zosiyanasiyana chinsinsi.

Zimenezi ndi mitundu odziwika bwino kwambiri a nyumba megalithic. Tiyeni akukhala pa ena a iwo.

dolmen

Kumasulira kwa Chiburetoni m'chinenero cha Russian amatanthauza "tebulo mwala". Monga ulamuliro, izo tichipeza miyala atatu, imodzi ya lomwe lili pa awiri vertically wokwera pa "U" kalata. mtundu pomanga nyumba amenewa Pamilunguyo chiwembu chilichonse umodzi, chotero dolmens mitundu onyamula ntchito zosiyanasiyana - kwambiri. Wotchuka nyumba megalithic wa mtundu uwu zili pa Mediterranean ndi Atlantic m'malire a Africa ndi Europe, India, Scandinavia, ndi Caucasus.

Trillo

A subspecies wa dolmen ndi, wopangidwa mwa miyala atatu, asayansi amakhulupirira trilit. Childs, monga akuti sichiri ku payokha inali megalithic ndi zipilala ndi mbali ya nyumba zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu kudziwika megalithic zovuta Stonehendge chigawo chapakati tichipeza trilitov asanu.

Cairn

mtundu wina wa zomangamanga megalithic ndi cairn, kapena ulendo. Izi phirilo zooneka mulu wa miyala, ngakhale Ireland pansi pa dzina ili kumvetsa kapangidwe ka miyala isanu. Iwo akhoza udzakhazikitsidwe padziko lapansi, ndi pansi. Mumagulu sayansi pansi cairn kawirikawiri kumafuna nyumba megalithic pansi: kulondola njira popanda kusochera, tambirimbiri ndipo zipinda m'manda.

menhirs

The wamkulu ndi losavuta mawonekedwe a megalithic - menhirs. Izi akonzedwa umodzi boulders vertically chachikulu kapena miyala. Kuyambira mwachizolowezi, boulders zachilengedwe menhirs pamwamba osiyana ndi kuda akuchitira ndi chakuti gawo lawo ofukula nthawi zonse choposa yopingasa. Iwo akhoza kukhala mwina freestanding kapena mbali zovuta za maofesi megalithic.

Mu Caucasus, menhirs ndipo zooneka nsomba otchedwa Vishaps. Pa chilumba cha Iberia, lomwe tsopano France, mu Crimea ndi dera Black Sea anakhalabe wokongola kwambiri anthropomorphic magalitov - mwala ziboliboli.

Postmegaliticheskimi menhirs Komanso analenga kwambiri kenako runic miyala ndi mitanda mwala.

cromlech

menhirs angapo kukhala semicircle kapena bwalo ndi pamwamba yokutidwa ndi slabs mwala, wotchedwa cromlechs. Wotchuka Mwachitsanzo - Stonehenge. Komabe, ena kuposa chonse, amakona anayi ndipo pali cromlechs, monga mu Morbihan kapena Khakassia. Pachilumba cha Malta, cromlechs maofesi kachisi amene anamangidwa mu mawonekedwe a "pamakhala". Kuti akonze nyumba izi megalithic ntchito osati miyala, komanso nkhuni, amene linatsimikizidwa popereka anapezazo tinasonkhanitsa pa ntchito pofukula mu English County wa Norfolk.

"Amathawathawa miyala Lapland"

Ambiri zomangamanga megalithic Russia, zodabwitsa mmene zingamvekere - Sejdiu - boulders yaikulu, wokwera pa choyikapo yaing'ono. Nthawi zina mtanda zofunika decorates chimodzi kapena zingapo miyala ing'onoing'ono zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo mu "piramidi". Mtundu uwu wa megaliths ambiri ku gombe la Onega ndi Ladoga nyanja mpaka ku gombe la nyanja Barents, ndiko kuti, kuzungulira kumpoto wa European gawo la Russia. Pa ndi Kola Peninsula mu Karelia zimachitika kukula seids kuchokera makumi angapo masentimita kwa mamita asanu ndi kulemera kwa ambiri makilogalamu matani angapo, malingana pathanthwe ku chimene anazipangira. Kuwonjezera pa Russian North, ndithu zambiri mtundu uwu megaliths zopezeka m'madera nayonso la Finland, ndi kumpoto ndi pakati Norway, mapiri Swedish.

Seydy akhale wosakwatiwa, chochuluka ndi kulemera, limapangidwa kuyambira khumi ndi mazana angapo megalithic.