Zipangizo kulemba. Zikopa. Ndi chiyani icho?

Kuyambira nthawi makedzana, anthu ntchito kusunga malangizo olembedwa zizindikiro, ndi zikopa. Kodi amatha wophunzira aliyense amene anali tcheru pang'ono maphunziro a mbiri.

Ankachitira mu njira zina khungu la nyama zosiyana zolinga zachuma anamugwiritsa ntchito ina Aperisi mu zana lachisanu BC. Anautcha "diphtheria". Mu Egypt, amtunduwu anamugwiritsa ntchito kulemba. Nkhanizi anapangidwa yekha. Komabe, posakhalitsa Afarao aletsa ndi katundu wa amtunduwu ku dziko. cholinga chawo chinali kumana wotchuka Pergamon laibulale chuma kwa kupanga mabuku ndi akweze laibulale Alesandriya. Pergamo mumzindawo anali Shackleton, koma anayamba kuyang'ana kwa fanizoli. Wina ndinaganiza za diphtheria. Choncho anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito wakale zikopa. kupanga wake wangwiro, ndipo dzina zasintha.

kupanga wakale

Zakuthupi, dzina la mzinda wa Pergamo, anali mtengo. Zikopa za nkhosa, nkhumba, ng'ombe (kupatula bulu) kukonzedwa ndi luso lapadera, Mipikisano gawo ndi nthawi yambiri. Iwo kutsukidwa, kuchotsedwa waukali ndiponso coarse tsitsi, titanyowa kwa masabata awiri mu njira laimu. Ndiye khungu, kuwamana ubweya zotiphimba chimango ndipo anachotsa minofu subcutaneous. Ndiye chuma anali pansi ndi kukonza pumice, choko acimbadzoza (kwa kungolandira mafuta ndi kugawira zatsalira pamwamba homogeneity). Nsaluzi zinkangokhala wakale zikopa akusisita ufa, mkaka kapena zakudya zomanga thupi, ngakhale zipangizo opangidwa ndi akuda. Mtengo yophimba wochindikala. Kulemba ntchito inki Chinsinsi umene zobisika, zikalata zofunika makamaka olembedwa siliva ndi golide.

Choncho, zikopa (umene kale anazindikira) - zakuthupi kuti yopanga mabuku, ndipo walemba lemba pamanja. Ngakhale mtengo wake wapatali, okhala Pergamo Kutulukira akutsutsana wosiyana gumbwawo. Zinali olimba zinthu zimene akhoza kukhotetsa, kukonzanso ntchito yomwe ankatha kulemba mbali zonse. Koma ambiri Chofunika, ichi ndi chomwe chinapangitsa mu malo aliwonse kumene nyama.

Tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo anali mabuku - ndi zikopa wapadera. Ndi chiyani icho? Izi chuma zobwezerezedwanso pa malemba akale achotsa ndi olembedwa atsopano. Nthawi zina angathe kuwerenga mipukutu onse, koma 691 atsogoleri choletsedwa kusamba malemba opatulika.

Kubwera kwa pepala misa yosindikiza komanso zinachititsa sakuyendetsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zikopa chifukwa anali zakuthupi mtengo kwambiri. Kwa nthawi yaitali, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mofanana, koma mapeto pepala anapambana. Today zikopa zopangidwa ndi zikopa za nyama woyeretsedwa, ntchito kokha Ayuda kulemba mabuku awo opatulika.

zikopa zachuma

Komanso pali zikopa zachuma. Ndi chiyani icho? Pakali pano, nkhani khungu la nyama, ziribe kanthu. Izi alipidwa madzi pepala, ma CD chuma, zomwe ndi lochokera kwa zomera. Masamba zikopa olimbika, pafupifupi mandala, musaphonye mafuta ndi madzi, choncho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika, mankhwala ndi mankhwala. Anayambitsa mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa, French sayansi Louis Guillaume Fige.