Selo phata ndi ntchito yake

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya foni m'kati kusanduka, amaloŵamo angapo kusintha. Zikamera wa organelles latsopano yoyamba kusintha mu mlengalenga ndi lithosphere wamng'ono dziko. Mmodzi wa kugula zikuluzikulu anali selo phata. zamoyo Eukaryotic mwalandira, chifukwa kukhalapo kwa organelles olekanitsidwa, ubwino kwambiri pa prokaryotes mwamsanga anabwera yakulamulira.

Selo phata, kapangidwe ndi ntchito za amene ali osiyana pang'ono zimakhala zosiyana ndi ziwalo, patsogolo khalidwe la RNA biosynthesis ndi kulanda mudziwe chibadwa.

magwero

Pakali pano, pali malingaliro ziwiri zazikulu za mapangidwe khungu eukaryotic. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha organelles symbiotic (mwachitsanzo, mitochondria kapena michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana) munalili ena prokaryotic zamoyo. Makolo a eukaryotes ano kuwameza. Chifukwa ndi symbiotic chamoyo.

pachimake Choncho anapanga chifukwa cha mkati protrusion gawo la cytoplasmic Kakhungu. Izo zinali zofunikira mu njira ya kupeza njira yatsopano ya chitukuko cha selo zakudya, phagocytosis. Yolanda chakudya limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka mlingo wa sayenda wa cytoplasm lapansi. Genofory akuimira chuma cha majini a khungu prokaryotic ndi amamangirira makoma, imagwera mu amphamvu "otaya" zone ndi Tidzatetezekanso. Chifukwa, izo anapanga gawo zakuya za Kakhungu invagination munali genofory Ufumuyo. amanena chimaoneka ndi chakuti khungu la ngale ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi Kakhungu cytoplasmic maselo.

Pali lina lomwe zochitika. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa ndi tizilombo chiyambi cha phata la, inakhalapo chifukwa cha matenda a maselo a Archaea wakale. Iwo walowerera DNA HIV ndi lina kudziletsa zamoyo. Asayansi kuganizira mfundo imeneyi olondola chifukwa ambiri mfundo mtima wake. Komabe, tsiku palibe umboni wokwanira kwa aliyense wa malingaliro alipo.

Chimodzi kapena zingapo

Ambiri mwa eukaryotic selo ano ali ndi phata. The ambirimbiri lili chimodzi chokha organelle amenewa. Pali Komabe, ndipo maselo ataya pachimake chifukwa cha mbali zinchito. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, maselo ofiira a magazi. Palinso maselo awiri (ciliates) ndipo ngakhale mitima angapo.

Kapangidwe ka phata selo

Kaya makhalidwe a chamoyo, kapangidwe pachimake amakhala ndi ya organelles lililonse. Ku malo mkati selo analigawa kutali ndi Kakhungu awiri. wosanjikiza ake mkati ndi kunja mu malo ena kuphatikiza, kupanga pores. Ntchito yawo ndi nzeru zinthu pakati pa cytoplasm ndi phata.

organelles karyoplasm danga ladzala umatchedwanso madzi nyukiliya kapena nucleoplasm. Malowa ali pamtunda chromatin ndi nucleolus. Nthawi zina otsiriza a organelles awa a phata selo ndi kuti Yehova sangapezeke mwa buku limodzi. Majeremusi ena nucleoli M'malo mwake, palibe.

Kakhungu

Envelopu nyukiliya anapangidwa wa zamadzimadzi ndi tichipeza zigawo ziwiri: kunja ndi mkati. Ndipotu, izo ziri chimodzimodzi maselo. Phata amalankhulira ndi mitsinje ya reticulum endoplasmic kupyola mu kadanga perinuclear ndi M'mimbamo popangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri chipolopolo.

Nembanemba akunja mkati ndi makhalidwe awo mu dongosolo, koma ambiri ofanana ndithu.

Pafupi cytoplasm ndi

Wosanjikiza akunja akudutsa mu nembanemba wa reticulum endoplasmic. kusiyana Aika ku yotsirizira - ndende zayamba apamwamba mapuloteni mu dongosolo la. Kakhungu ndi mu mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi cytoplasm maselo, TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza kunja kwa ribosomes lapansi. Mkati nembanemba ndi chikugwirizana ndi pores ambiri, ndi ndi lalikulu mapuloteni maofesi.

The M'kati

Kukumana mu selo phata Kakhungu zotsutsana ndi akunja a, yosalala, si ataphimbidwa ndi ribosomes. Izo zimasokoneza karyoplasm. Mbali khalidwe la Kakhungu lamkati - nyukiliya lamins wosanjikiza akalowa mbali tipezeni nucleoplasm. Izi mapuloteni yeniyeni dongosolo amathandiza mawonekedwe chipolopolo, ndi kulowerera lamulo la mawu losokonekera ndipo kumathandiza kuti ubwenzi wa chromatin kuti Kakhungu nyukiliya.

kagayidwe

Mogwirizana kwa phata ndi cytoplasm kudzera pores nyukiliya. Iwo nyumba zovuta kwambiri popangidwa ndi 30 mapuloteni. chiwerengero cha pores pa pachimake chimodzi angakhale osiyana. Izo zimatengera mtundu wa khungu, limba ndi thupi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu selo phata tikhoza kupeza 3 mpaka 5 zikwi yaitali ena chule zifika 50,000.

Home ali ndi ntchito - kuwombola zinthu pakati pa phata ndipo ena danga selo. Ena mamolekyulu umalowa mu pores ankangokhala, popanda athandizira aliyense mphamvu zina. Ali ndi kukula yaing'ono. Yonyamula mamolekyulu lalikulu ndi maofesi supramolecular amafuna wina kuchuluka kwa otaya mphamvu.

Karyoplasm selo ndikuyipha apanga mu phata la, RNA mamolekyulu. Zosiyana chimadzera mapuloteni wofunikila njira intranuclear.

nucleoplasm

madzi nyukiliya njira colloidal mapulotini. Ndi zochepa ngale chipolopolo ndi lozungulira chromatin ndi nucleolus. Nucleoplasm - viscous madzi imene zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi kusungunuka. Zikuphatikizapo nucleotides ndi michere. Zofunikira choyamba kwa DNA kaphatikizidwe. The michere nawo galamafoniyo, komanso kukonza ndi DNA kugawanika.

Kapangidwe ka madzi nyukiliya zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha foni. Awo awiri - n'kupuma ndipo zidzachitika magawano. Khalidwe loyamba interphase ndi (nthawi pakati pa magulu awo). Pankhaniyi, nyukiliya kuyamwa osiyana yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa zidulo mkati ndi unstructured mamolekyulu DNA. Nthawi imeneyi, pali zinthu chawo mawonekedwe a chromatin. Gulu la phata selo limodzi ndi kusintha kwa chromatin mu DNA. Panthawi imeneyi zimasiyanasiyana kapangidwe karyoplasm: zakuthupi majini amapeza dongosolo zina, envelopu nyukiliya imaphwanya, ndipo wothira karyoplasm cytoplasm.

khromozomu

Ntchito yaikulu ya nyumba nucleoprotein pa masinthidwe nthawi ya gulu la chromatin - yosungirako, kugulitsa ndi kulanda uthengawu ku maselo muli selo phata. DNA yodziwika ndi mawonekedwe makamaka: mbali kapena mapewa constriction chachikulu, amatchedwanso tselomeroy. Malinga ndi malo pali mitundu itatu ya DNA:

• ndodo woboola pakati kapena acrocentric: iwo yodziwika ndi kuwayika tselomery pafupifupi kumapeto, limodzi likukhalira zochepa kwambiri
• raznoplechie kapena submetacentric adzalandira mapewa a kutalika wosiyana;
• L-ofanana kapena metacentric.

Achikhalire DNA selo wotchedwa karyotype. Mtundu uliwonse izo liri lokhazikika. Choncho maselo osiyanasiyana chamoyo mwina muli diploid (awiri) kapena haploid (osakwatira) akonzedwa. Chimake choyamba ndi khalidwe la maselo somatic, zambiri thupilo. Haploid akonzedwa - mwayi maselo kugonana. Anthu maselo somatic muli DNA 46, kugonana - 23.

Diploid khromozomu kukhazikitsa awiri. Zofanana nucleoprotein dongosolo m'gulu awiri ndi, amatchedwa alleles. Iwo ndi kapangidwe chomwecho ndi kuchita ntchito yofanana.

Khromozomu structural unit jini. Bwaloli ndi DNA gawo 'kala' ikusonyeza kuti mapuloteni makamaka.

endosome

Selo phata mmodzi organelles zambiri - ndi nucleolus. Si wosiyana karyoplasm Kakhungu, koma n'zosavuta kuona pamene akuphunzira maselo pansi simungathe kutiona. Ena maso akhoza kukhala nucleoli angapo. Pali anthu amene organelles awa ndi kwina palimodzi.

Mawonekedwe a phata kakufanana ndi dera, ali ndi kukula mwachilungamo yaing'ono. Iwo wapangidwa ndi mapuloteni zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito yaikulu ya nucleolus wa - kaphatikizidwe ribosomal RNA, ndi ribosomes okha. N'zofunika kwa chilengedwe cha unyolo polypeptide. Nucleoli anapanga padziko zigawo yeniyeni ya matupi athu ndi. Iwo amatchedwa nucleolar kulinganiza. Lili chibadwa cha RNA ribosomal. Nucleolus, mwa zina, ndi malo ndi ndende wapamwamba mapuloteni mu selo. Part mapulotini ankafunika kugwira ntchito organelle.

Monga mbali ya nucleolus ndi zigawo ziwiri: granular ndi fibrillar. Woyamba ndi kukhwima ribosomal kagawo kakang'ono. Iwo ikuchitika fibrillar pakati ribosomal RNA kaphatikizidwe. Granular chigawo wazungulira fibrillary inali pakati pa nucleolus lapansi.

Selo phata ndi ntchito yake

Udindo ankaimba ndi ngale, ndi inextricably zogwirizana matabwa ake. nyumba Internal organelle ichitikire kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zofunika kwambiri mchipindamo. Pano ili mfundo majini kumene kumatsimikizira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya foni. Ngale ndi udindo yosungiramo ndi kufala kwa uthengawu ku maselo, ikuchitika pa mitosis ndi meiosis. Mu selo loyamba mlandu mwana akulandira zofanana ya chibadwa kholo. Chifukwa maselo meiotic nyongolosi anapanga ndi akonzedwa haploid DNA.

China n'kofunika ndi ngale - lamulo njira okhudza maselo ambiri. Iwo ikuchitika ndi kuyan'anila kaphatikizidwe mapulotini udindo kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya zigawo ma.

Zotsatira pa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni ndi mawu ena. Kore njira yolamulira mkati mwa selo, izo Chili organelles onse dongosolo limodzi ndi limagwirira bwino ntchito. Kulephera ambirife kuyambitsa selo imfa.

Pomaliza, ngale ndi malo kaphatikizidwe subunits wa ribosomes, amene ali ndi udindo kwa mapangidwe yemweyo amino zidulo mapuloteni ndi. Ribosomes ndi zofunikira mu ndondomeko ya galamafoniyo.

Eukaryotic selo ndi dongosolo langwiro kuposa prokaryotic. Zikamera wa organelles ndi Kakhungu awo adakula Mwachangu njira okhudza maselo ambiri. Mapangidwe pakati pa atazunguliridwa ndi zamadzimadzi Kakhungu, kumathandiza kwambiri pa kusanduka izi. Protection nembanemba mudziwe majini analola kuti adziwe wakale zamoyo njira yatsopano ya moyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Mwa iwo anali phagocytosis, yemwe ali mmodzi wa Mabaibulo a zinachititsa kuti chamoyo symbiotic, yemwe anadzakhala kholo la masiku eukaryotic selo ndi organelles ake onse khalidwe. Selo phata, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya nyumba zina zatsopano amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya kagayidwe lapansi. Zotsatira zake zinali kusintha kwakukulu biosphere dziko lapansi, kuti maziko mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha tizilombo multicellular. Lero, zamoyo eukaryotic, monga anthu, zilamulire dzikoli, ndi kanthu portends kusintha pa nkhani imeneyi.