Etruscan zilembo. The chinenero Etruscan. Manda otchuka zilembo Etruscan

Zilembo Etruscan ndi ya zilembo amene anapanga chinenero Etruscan, chilankhulidwe cha odabwitsa kwambiri m'dziko akhoza kuwerenga koma sangathe kumvetsedwa. Ngakhale ambiri zipilala odziwika a zilembo Etruscan, analipo zikwi makope padziko lonse, asayansi akulephera kuthetsa amene ana-.

Amene anali Etruscans

The Etruscans - anthu amphamvu amene ankakhala mu Italy ndi 9. BC. e., pamaso pa Kubwera kwa Aroma. State Etruria anali ndi dongosolo boma ndi inkakhala 12 Mizinda palokha. Mzinda uliwonse ali mfumu yake ya malamulo, koma m'zaka za m'ma 4. BC. e. achifumu anayamba kulamulira.

Malonda ndi mafakitale nkhani, boma anathandiza Etruscans ku Ancient Greece (Korinto), umboni ndi zithunzi ndi nkhani zolembedwa. Apezeka pafupi Tarquini urns dongo ndi ziwiya ndi zojambula kusonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa luso la Etruscans ndi Ahelene. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, mmodzi wa amisiri skilful Greek napita zilembo. chakuti zilembo Etruscan lachokera ku Greek, amanenanso za mawonekedwe ndi makhalidwe makalata ake.

The heyday wa Etruria State

State Etruscans ambiri kukhala malonda ndi ntchito mafakitale. Primorye Gawo kuchokera Tarquinia ku Gulf padziko Vesuvius anali yabwino amalinyero, kotero Etruscans anayesa adzawathamangitsa Agiriki ya malonda mu Mediterranean. Mu boma zinali bwino anayamba ulimi ndi handicrafts. Umboni wa chitukuko cha luso la nyumba ndi zotsalira za nyumba wakale ndi m'manda, misewu ndi ngalande.

Kulamulira zindikira - lukumony - kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga m'mizinda, kuchita kupeza ulemerero kudzera mwa nkhondo ndi anawazunza anansi awo.

Zambiri zimene tsopano ankaona Roma mbadwa zoona, anachita Etruscans ndi kukhazikika Mwachitsanzo, kachisi wakale pa Capitol Hill inamangidwa ndi amisiri ku Etruria. Mafumu a Roma anadza ku mtundu wa Tarquins, ambiri mayina Latin anaitenga ku Etruscan, ndipo chiyambi cha zilembo mu Ufumu wa Roma, azambiriyakale ambiri amatamanda ndi Etruscans.

The heyday wa Etruria States chimachititsa 535 BC. e., pamene asilikali a Carthaginians ndi Etruscans anagonjetsa Agiriki, koma patatha zaka zochepa chifukwa kugawikana a boma Rome bwinobwino kupeza mizinda latsopano Etruscan. Ndi pakati pa 1st m'ma BC. e. chikhalidwe Roma zimatenga m'deralo ndi chinenero Etruscan salinso ntchito.

Language ndi luso Etruria

Pa Etruscans anali bwino anayamba luso: yopanga ziboliboli nsangalabwi, luso la kuponyera zamkuwa. Wotchuka fano la iye mmbulu oyamwa anayambitsa mzinda wa Romulus ndi Remus, analengedwa ndendende amisiri Etruscan amene anaphunzira kuchokera kwa Agriki. Utoto terracotta chosema anasunga maonekedwe a anthu Etruscan: pang'ono slanted maso amondi, mphuno lalikulu, milomo. Anthu a Etruria ofanana kwambiri kwa anthu a Asia Minor.

Chipembedzo ndi chinenero Etruscan ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi anthu oyandikana chifukwa cha foreignness lapansi. Ngakhale Aroma sakanatha chinenerochi. Kuti anapulumuka mwambi Roma "Etruscan simunawerenge» (etruscum sanali legitur), amene anatsimikiza za tsogolo la zilembo Etruscan.

Etruscan malemba ambiri amene apezeka zinthu zakale m'zaka lomaliza - ndi maliro ndi zolemba dedicatory pa tombstones, Miphika, ziboliboli, kalirole ndi zodzikongoletsera. Koma sayansi kapena mankhwala ntchito (monga ena amanena, mankhwala ndi mankhwala ndinakhudzidwa kwambiri yapangidwa Etruria) ayenera izo sanapezeke.

Pofunafuna kumvetsa Etruscan zaka zoposa 100. Akatswiri ambiri ayesetsa kuchita izo kudzera mwa kufanizira ndi Chihangare, Chilituyaniya, Foinike, Greek, Chifinishi ndipo ngakhale chakale. Malinga ndi malipoti a posachedwapa, chinenero imatengedwa kuti olekanitsidwa zinenero zina zonse European.

zilembo Ranneetrussky

Pofuna kumvetsa mawu mu chilankhulo chosadziwika, asayansi ayamba kuzindikira mawu (mayina, maudindo) ndi kuonetsa kusamukira ku chinenero yodziwika, akuyesera kuti apeze kubwerezabwereza mawu kapena njira kalembedwe. Choncho comprehended malembedwe ndi mawu a chinenero cha zikuchokera osadziwika.

Today mu zakale ndi maofesi yosungirako padziko lonse pali mawu amene anawalemba ndife oposa 10 zikwi. (Pa mbale, pa mbale, etc ..), Pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo Etruscan. Magwero a akatswiri zosiyanasiyana anamasulira mosiyana. Akatswiri ena kuzitcha izo pelasgskim (prototirrenskim) ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti iye wotsikayo kuchokera chisanadze Greek, ena - Doric, Korinto, ndi ena - Chalcis (zapadnogrecheskogo).

Ena amanena kuti iye tsiku ndi tsiku anali wakale zilembo, amene conventionally amatchedwa "protoetrusskim" koma umboni kapena anapezazo atalembedwa. The chachikale chinkawavuta Etruscan zilembo, monga wasayansi R. Carpenter, osalephera, linali ndi "Greek ambiri" ndipo anatulukira mu 8-7 mu. BC. e.

Werengani zolemba chinenero Etruscan horizontally kuchokera kumanja mpaka kumanzere, nthawizina pali zolembedwa boustrophedon (mzere imati "njoka" Zikatero, munthu - kuchokera kumanja mpaka kumanzere, ena - kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja). Mawu nthawi zambiri osati anapatukana.

alifabeti iyi akutchedwa severoitaliyskim ndipo amaona kuti anachokera ku Foinike kapena Greek, ndi ena mwa makalata ake ofanana kwambiri Latin.

Etruscan zilembo ndi omasulira ankamangidwanso asayansi m'zaka 19. Kodi kutchula wina kalata Etruscan zilembo amadziwika ndi wophunzira aliyense akhoza kuliwerenga. Komabe, kwa kumvetsa chinenero pamene palibe amene angathe.

Marsiliansky zilembo

Kulemba Etruscans anaonekera mu m'zaka za m'ma 7. BC. E., Ndipo opezeka mu zinthu zina banja pa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja: izo zochepa chabe zolemba ziwiya kuti zinthu zofunika kuchokera kumanda.

Chitsanzo yonse ya zilembo zinachitika pamene piritsi anapezeka ku Marsiliany de A Albegna pa zofukulidwa wa necropolis ndi (tsopano mu Archaeological Museum wa Florence). Zikhale za njovu, kukula 5x9 masentimita ndipo ataphimbidwa ndi zotsala za sera ndi makalata embossed. Iwo Tingaone 22 makalata Foinike (Middle East) ndi 4 Greek zilembo kumapeto 21 kalata ndi 5 mavawelo. Kalata yoyamba kwambiri ya zilembo - kalata "A" - ali kumanja.

Mu mfundo ofufuza mbale anatumikira monga phunziroli kwa munthu amene anaphunzira kulemba. Kusanthula izo, asayansi kuona kuti zilembo marsiliansky lachokera ku Greek. Wosasintha makalata ndi ofanana kwambiri Chalcis.

chitsimikiziro ina ya zilembo ndi kukhalapo pa woumba, lomwe linapezeka mu Formello, ndipo wina amene anali m'manda mu Cerveteri (tsopano m'mamyuziyamu Rome). Onse amapeza amenewa analembedwa zaka 7-6. BC. e. Bokosili pa mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi mndandanda wa syllables (sillabary).

Kukula kwa zilembo

Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, mmene kusintha zilembo Etruscan, momwe zizindikiro zambiri anali kumeneko mu chiyambi ndipo ngati chiwerengero chawo chinasintha pambuyo, m'pofunika kufufuza opezeka ndipo anafotokoza "akusonyeza kulemba" masikolala.

Kungoona zamakedzana zimene Patapita nthawi (kwa 5-3 CC. BC. E.), Zikusintha pang'onopang'ono, sipangakhalenso zimaoneka poyerekezera zitsanzo pa zigawo Viterbo, Collet neri Al., Pamene komanso alifabeti ya Ruzell ndi Bomarzo.

Mu 5 m'ma BC. e. zilembo Etruscan wakhala 23 makalata, T. Kwa. Ena a iwo sanali kudya kwambiri. Ndi 400 BC. e. Iye anapanga "tingachipeze powerenga" zilembo wopangidwa mwa zilembo 20 kale:

• 4 mavawelo: kalata A, kenako E, ine, ine;
• 16 zilembo: G, U-digamma, C, H, Th, L, T, N, P, S (ndi), R, S, T, pH, KH, F (eyiti).

Pozdneetrusskie zolemba kale kuchita mulimonse: pambuyo njira "Chabwino" ntchito boustrophedon m'tsogolo mchikakamizo cha chinenero Latin ntchito njira ya "kumanzere". Ndiye pali zolemba pa 2 zinenero (Latin Etruscan +), ndi makalata ena Etruscan ofanana ndi Latin.

zilembo Novoetrussky ntchito mu zaka mazana angapo, katchulidwe chake bwanji chilankhulo Tuscan ku Italy.

Ziwerengero mu zilembo Etruscan

Kudziwa kanjedza Etruscan linali lovuta. Chinthu choyamba kudziwa manambala anatumikira monga godsend mu Tuscany mu m'ma 19. awiri dayisi ndi nkhope pa mawu 5: masamu, thu, huth, CI , SA. Kuyesera kuti agwirizane zolemba ndi mafupa ena kukhala pa nkhope za mfundo ofufuza sanathe kudziwa chilichonse, T. Kwa. Mawu anali ntchito mosintha.

Pamenepo anayamba kufufuza m'manda, chimene nthawizonse muli manambala, ndi mapeto kunapezeka kuti Etruscans analemba manambala ntchito chimangirizo za makumi ndi anthu, ndipo nthawi zina anatenga chiwerengero ang'onoang'ono kwa akuluakulu (20-2 = 18).

A wasayansi ku Germany Gerhard Stoltenberg anapanga systematization zolembalemba gravestone anapeza kuti "50" chiwerengero anatsimikiza ndi mawu muvalch, ndipo '5 »- mach. Mofananamo wapakamwa zizindikiro 6 ndi 60 anapezeka ndi T. D.

Chifukwa, Stoltenberg anapeza kuti zilembo Etruscan anatumikira monga zinachitika wa mawerengero achiroma.

Mbale wa Pyrgi

Mu 1964, pakati mbale kachisi pafupi ndi doko wakale Pyrgi limene limafotokoza kuti mzinda Etruscan Perret ofukula opezeka 3 mbale 6-5. BC. e. zagolide ndi zolemba, mmodzi amene anali pa chinenero Foinike, ndipo 2 - ndi Etruscan. Pamaso pa miyala izi zikusonyeza kugwirizana Carthage, ndi mudzi Etruscan wa Pyrgi. Poyamba, asayansi anatenga mtima, kusonyeza kuti ndi nzeru (ofanana ntchito malemba m'zinenero 2), ndipo iwo adzakhala amatha kuwerenga zolemba Etruscan. Koma tsoka ... malemba sanali kofanana.

Pambuyo poyesa decrypt mbale izi asayansi awiri odziwika ndi Pallotino Garbin, izo anapeza kuti lolembedwa ndi pa wamkazi Uni-Astarte zifaniziro kapena kachisi. Koma pa mbale zing'onozing'ono munali otchula Teferi Velinasa ndipo anafotokoza nsembe mwambo. Kunapezeka kuti malemba Etruscan ndi malo ofanana, koma decryption wathunthu sankakhoza kupanga iwo.

Kuyesa kumvetsa malemba pa mbale izi zinalengedwa mobwerezabwereza asayansi m'mayiko ambiri, koma nthawi iliyonse tanthauzo la malemba afika osiyana.

Communication chinenero Etruscan ndi ku Middle East Anzawo

Mmodzi wa anthu ovuta kuwamvetsa a zilembo Etruscan zochepa kwambiri ntchito, ndi zina kupanda mavawelo. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a makalata muona kuti makalata zofanana kwa Etruscan Foinike.

Literature wakale wa Middle East ndi ofanana kwambiri kwa "Foinike" ndipo anapangidwa chinenero chimene anali ntchito Etruscans. Kuchokera pa zimene tinganene kuti mu nyengo ya zaka za m'ma 13. ndi zaka 3-2. BC. e. zolembedwa chinenero mu Italy, Gombe Middle East, kumpoto Africa, ndipo anali mmodzi yekha ofanana Etruscan.

Pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino Etruscan lolembedwa mu malo awa kutha, m'malo mwa Chigiriki ndi Chiaramu. Ambiri mwina, ichi chinali chifukwa lothandiza mbiri cholimbikitsa mphamvu ya Chiroma.

"Bukhu la Malemu" ndi malemba ena

Limodzi mwa mabuku lalikulu Etruscan anapezeka m'zaka 19. Chikolowesha alendo anabweretsa Zagreb mummified mkazi ku Egypt. Kenako, iye kanthu pa zolemba nsalu n'kupanga, asayansi atulukira, amene chinadzatchedwa Etruscan. Nsalu buku tichipeza zidutswa 12 nsalu kaphatikizidwe amene analandira mpukutu kutalika 13,75 m. Lemba imakhala mizati 12 kuti tiwerenge kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere.

Kafukufuku kwa zaka zambiri kuti anali anapeza kuti "Buku la Malemu" ndi kalendala, chimene chimafuna ntchito miyambo yosiyanasiyana yachipembedzo.

Wina ofanana Etruscan lemba lalikulu anapezeka pa ntchito yomanga ku mzinda wa Cortona, lomwe kale umodzi mwa mizinda yaikulu ya Etruria. Cortona Malemba ankafufuza zilankhulo V.Ivanov yemwe anabwera ku mapeto kuti zimakhalira pachibale Etruscan ndi North Caucasus zinenero.

Imodzi mwa mfundo wasayansi anali ovomerezeka kwa mphamvu ya chikhalidwe Etruscan ndi mabuku Roma, Latin.

Kuyerekezera Etruscans ndi Lezgin

Baibulo lina chiyambi ndi kuwerenga chilankhulo Etruscan inafalitsidwa mu 2013, ofufuza akatswiri a zinenero Yaraliev J. ndi N. Osmanov amatchedwa "History wa Lezgins. Etruscans ". Amati atha kumvetsa zilembo Etruscan, ndipo ambiri Chofunika kupanga yomasulira malemba, ntchito Lezgi, chimodzi mwa zinenero yamakono ya nthambi Dagestan.

Iwo amatha kuwerenga kupezeka mabuku onse Etruscan, mu T. Ch. Tsamba 12 la "Book of Malemu" ndi miyala ina 320 ndi malemba Etruscan. deta analandira iwo amati, zingasonyeze wakale zikulumikizana mbiri pakati pa Middle East ndi Caucasus.

"Slavyanskaya" chiphunzitso cha magwero a Etruscans

Othandiza wa Proto-Asilavo magwero a Etruscans ankakhulupirira kuti Etruscans kutchedwa "Rasen" kapena "Rosen", ndiye consonant ndi "Russia". Amatsogolera ndi umboni wina wa moyandikana zikhalidwe ndi zilankhulo izi.

Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti miyala ku Pyrgi chidwi cha kumbali ya Asilavo chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chinenero Etruscan. Ena ofufuza amene ali ndi chidwi kulemba Etruscan, anali Russian wasayansi Osipov. Iye anapanga pofuna kulilembanso malemba a Etruscan mwachizolowezi zilembo Russian mu muyezo malangizo (kumanzere-kumanja), ndipo ngakhale ogaŵikana mawu. Ndipo ine ndiri ... ikulongosola za mwambo wakale wa kumbali zimakondwerera yozizira.

Osipov atamukoka analogies ndi Asilavo tchuthi cha Ivan Kupala. Pambuyo kutsegula ake, wasayansi anatumiza lemba anawamasulira kuchokera Pyrgi ndipo amafotokoza akatswiri a zolemba Etruscan m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Kenako lomasuliridwa ndi makumi angapo a zolemba njira zake, koma pakali pano asayansi osati atamupatsa yojambula ngati kafukufuku.

Wina wasayansi Russian Vladimir Shcherbakov patsogolo chiphunzitso chakuti Etruscans kulemba decryption angagwiritsidwe ntchito kalirole mkuwa, zomwe iwo aikiwa mu ndumbi. Kugwiritsa kalirole, lemba akhoza kuwerenga mu madera osiyana, ndipo ena mwa makalata akhoza kukalowa.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena izi chakuti mbuye amene anapanga zolemba alibe anali dipuloma, ndi kukopera kalata kwa kalilore, ndi makalata kalirole fano anali zimayenda kapena kuona. Kupita galasi, Scherbakov anapanga Baibulo wake chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti lemba.

Research Z. Maiani ndi zina

Kuyesa kuwerenga ndi kumasulira zizindikiro Etruscan amayerekezera zilembo Etruscan ndi staroalbansky, anachita French wasayansi Z. Maiani, amene mu 2003 lofalitsidwa ndi buku 'The Etruscans anayamba kuyankhula, "unakhala wotchuka mu Europe. Anakhala 300 etymological otanthauzira kufananitsa pakati zilankhulo izi (Etruscan ndi Illyrian), koma sanalandire thandizo la akatswiri a zinenero.

Kulemba anapezazo imene ofufuza amadziwikanso mitundu yambiri pozdneetrusskih alifabeti, monga severnoetrussky ndi Alpine, ndi Rutsky Venetic alifabeti. Ndizovomereka chakuti oyambirira zilembo Etruscan anatumikira monga maziko iwo. Ndipo onse zolembedwazi ankagwiritsa ntchito okhala Tuscany ndi Italy pa chiyambi cha 1 m'ma BC. e., pambuyo mofulumira wa Etruscan pachiyambi. Pamene anthu amatha kumvetsa chinenero Etruscan, ndipo akhala chinsinsi otsiriza zaka.