Ernst Haeckel: yonena, ntchito sayansi. chopereka Haeckel kuti zamoyo

Wathera moyo wake kuphunzira chikhalidwe, Ernst Gekkel anapanga kwambiri anthu atulukira ndipo anapanga zopereka kwambiri ndi sayansi. Zambiri pa ntchito sayansi wasayansi kuti tikupeza, kenako m'nkhani ino.

Ernst Haeckel: yonena

German nzeru zapamwamba ndi zachilengedwe Ernst Haeckel anabadwa mu Potsdam mu 1834. Nditamaliza sukulu ku sekondale mu Mezerburge, anaphunzira mankhwala ndi sayansi mu Berlin, ku University of Würzburg. Ph.D. mu zinyama pa University of Jena. Mu 1858, iye analandira digiri yake ya udokotala.

Ernst Haeckel anasonyeza chidwi kwapadera mu thunthu tosaoneka ndi zinyama. Mu 1859, iye anatumiza kukaona ku Italy, kumene anaphunzitsidwa zomera, thonje, nyongolotsi, atsegula mitundu yatsopano ya radiolarians. Atabwerera wasayansi iye akugwirizira udindo wa Professor kenako Gwirizanani Professor wa University Jena ndipo limaphunzitsa poyerekeza thunthu.

Popeza 1863, lolimbikitsa chikhalidwe ndi sayansi ntchito. Iye amalankhula za Darwin, kumasula ntchito zawo mabuku, zopanga ziphunzitso sayansi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, wofufuza umapititita kukaona ku Egypt, Algeria, pa chisumbu cha Madeira, ndi Ceylon. Kenako, anapita ku Syria, Corsica, Tenerife, Norway, Gibraltar ndi malo ena, kuphunzira zinyama awo ndi kupanga zina zachidule.

Mu 1867, Ernst Haeckel kukwatira Agnes Huschke. Iwo ali mwana, Walter, mwana wamkazi Emma ndi Elizabeth. imfa mkazi mu 1915 kwambiri anakhudzidwa thanzi ndi moyo wa sayansi ya. Iye anafa mu Germany August 9, 1919.

Research ndi Publications

Kupeza dipuloma ya dokotala sanali bwanji ntchito akatswiri a sayansi ya. Mu njira zambiri, kafukufuku wake ndi kaonedwe inagunda kulankhulana ndi Charles Darwin. Books Ernst Haeckel akuyamba kufalitsa mu 1866. ntchito yake woyamba amatchedwa "General kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa zamoyo." Patapita nthawi, buku "The History Natural la Chilengedwe", pomwe iye ankanena kuthandiza kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha.

Mu 1866, iye ndipamene bwino buku la chilamulo biogenetic, kuyesa kwa zaka zingapo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Ernst Haeckel gastraea amanga chiphunzitso lomwe limafotokoza chiyambi cha zamoyo multicellular ku zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Chifukwa ichi, Haeckel anadziwika mabwalo sayansi.

Mu 1874 anafalitsa buku "anthropogenic, kapena mbiri ya chitukuko cha anthu," umene expounds chiphunzitso chakuti otsatirawa m'khalapakati kukhalapo pakati pa nyani ndi munthu.

Pa kukaona ku Africa ndi Asia, iye analemba mabuku pa modabwitsa, nsomba pansi pa nyanja, radiolarians, kenako anachita ndi kafukufuku wa zamoyo izi buku "mwadongosolo Phylogeny". Total Ernst Haeckel analemba mabuku pafupifupi 26, ena mwa iwo ikumasuliridwa Russian.

General kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa zamoyo

Wina mwambo, chitukuko chimene wapanga chopereka kwambiri kuti Ernst Haeckel - zachilengedwe. Mu buku lake loyamba "General kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa zamoyo," wasayansi theorizes kufunika kusankha ngati chilango osiyana kwachilengedwenso. Malinga ndi iye, njira zovuta za zimachitika pakati pa chamoyo wamoyo ndipo ubale wawo ndi chilengedwe ayenera kukhala phunziro la sayansi otchedwa zachilengedwe.

Ernst Haeckel ankakhulupirira kuti ntchito yaikulu ya chilango chimenechi ndi kuphunzira zinthu organic ndi zochita kupanga chilengedwe, amene atengere zamoyo. Mwa chibadwa zochita kupanga wasayansi anamvetsa mfundo nyengo monga kuwala, magetsi mumlengalenga, chinyezi, kutentha, ndipo zikuchokera kwa nthaka ndi madzi. Organic Haeckel zikuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya ubale pakati pa zamoyo.

lamulo biogenetic

Potengera chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, Haeckel anakonza lamulo, limene limatchedwanso lamulo la Haeckel-Müller. Bukuli lili kopanda kuti pa chitukuko cha munthu chamoyo akubwereza kupanga magawo waukulu kusanduka ake. Ndiko kuti, poona kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo tikhoza mme- mapangidwe zachilengedwe za mtundu wake.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kungoganizira atapereka Charlz Darvin mu buku la "The Origin of Species", koma momveka bwino chionetsedwe. 1864 Fritz Müller m'buku lake "Darwin" amanena kuti chitukuko mbiri kumaonekera mtundu wa chitukuko cha munthu. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Haeckel zochokera kafukufuku wawo anapereka chiphunzitso bwino maganizo awa otchedwa malamulo biogenetic.

lamulo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati umboni wa Darwin, ngakhale pakali pano pali zinthu zambiri kuti mwina kutsutsa n'loonadi ake. Mwachitsanzo, mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko peresenti sali yemweyo. Kufanana kokha mu magawo ina.

chiphunzitso gastraea

Pamaziko a chilamulo biogenetic wa Ernst Haeckel amalenga chiphunzitso lomwe limafotokoza chiyambi cha zamoyo multicellular ku unicellular. Malinga ndi iye, woyamba multicellular cholengedwa anali kufanana ndi gastrula - embryonic mawonekedwe, wopangidwa mwa wosanjikiza maselo akunja ndi amkati.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso, ndi unicellular chamoyo anayamba kugawikana ngati kuti maselo mwana sanali kumwazikana ndi kupanga limodzi. Kenako anayamba amasiyana zinchito ndi anatomical mbali - ndiye amene gululi, ena chimbudzi. Choncho, malinga ndi chiphunzitso Haeckel unakhazikitsidwa multicellular chamoyo, omwe dzina lake gastraea. Anawakumbutsa coelenterates woyamba nyama.

Pomaliza

Pa moyo wake, Ernst Haeckel lofalitsidwa ntchito zambiri, anadzetsa sayansi mawu zachilengedwe, Pithecanthropus, ontogeny ndi phylogeny. Kufufuza Maulendo m'madzi zinyama, anatulukira mitundu oposa zana la radiolarians. Haeckel anali pakati pa maphunziro oyamba mu Germany, anagwirizana chiphunzitso Darwin. Kuthandiza zasokoneza maphunziro ake, iye anali kuyesera kudziwa malo a dongosolo nyama, kukonza ndi lamulo biogenetic ndi chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha zamoyo multicellular.