Kulemba, kulemba magawo chitukuko

Kulemba - Izi zimachititsa dongosolo la zizindikiro anthu ntchito kukonza phokoso la mawu. Kalata akutumikira monga dongosolo palokha kulankhulana ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito yeniyeni. Imakhala mpata wolandira ndi kuphunzira pa zimene akudziwa apindulira pa mbadwo wakale, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kulankhulana anthu. Kuwerenga mabuku Aliyense amakhala ndi mwayi kukhudza mbiri ya anthu, kumvetsa chikhalidwe chake, malo kunja ndi dziko lamkati. Kuti Musaone tanthauzo la kulemba lero n'zosatheka. Zikomo kwa iye, munthu amaphunzira zambiri latsopano, poyamba pa zonse, iye amadziwa yekha.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chinenero kwagona kuti, mosiyana ndi m'kamwa, izo zinachitika mu nthawi koma danga malo amodzi. kalata limachititsa kuganiza wolemba izo, kubwerera ku zinalembedwa kale, kusintha mawu, kumanganso bwana kuchotsa kapena m'malo ndime lonse, kulongosolerana, kupempha thandizo kwa madikishonale ndi phrasebooks.

Mbiri ya kulemba ali pa zaka masauzande ambiri, panthawi imeneyi anasintha pang'onopang'ono, kukhala, kupeza njira zatsopano. Zikamera cha kalata zokhudzana ndi chitukuko Sumeri, Kukhala zaka zikwi zapitazo m'dera pakati pa mitsinje Firate ndi Tigirisi. Ilo liri mu malo awa, akatswiri kupeza zipilala wakale kulemba - mapale ndi zithunzi zosiyana. anapezazo awa likuonetsera kuti chinenero anayambitsa zaka 3,500 BC

Asayansi ambiri a nthawi yathu poyesa kumvetsa zolemba zakale, mukukhulupirira kuti iwo akhoza kupereka uthenga osati za moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha chitukuko umene anthu wolemba awo, komanso mfundo za maonekedwe a umunthu monga lonse.

Kuti akale mitundu ya kulemba amatanthauza pictography, kapena kulemba chithunzi. Monga amadziwika, poyamba zojambula zinali zofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa anthu akale ndipo anasonyeza yekha panthawi miyambo matsenga. Iwo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito iwo kwa Kukhazikitsa ndi kufala kwa zambiri. Mumadziwika akale Aigupto amatanthauza logographic kulemba dongosolo ( "Logos" - mawu), nthawi ya chiyambi chake amati 2-3 Zakachikwi BC

M'mawu mapangidwe ake analembedwa wopyoza magawo angapo: kuchokera zojambula phanga ndi mapale chinenero chamakono, ndi nyumba yake bwana zovuta, akutembenukira kwa mawu, etc. Mtundu izo osiyanasiyana ndithu. Choncho, malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, anthu ali ndi mitundu zotsatirazi lolembapo mitundu:

• frazografiya - mtundu wamkulu kulemba kuti amatumiza mauthenga pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo wapadera ndi zizindikiro ofotokoza popanda nagawira mu mawu ena ndi mawu;
• logograph - kalata, akupereka mauthenga pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro kuimira mawu munthu;
• morfemografiya - kulemba, kudali mawu ntchito morfemogramm - wapadera otchulidwa likutipatsa;
• sillabografiya - syllabary, zolemba zokhudza gulu la mawu mu syllables osiyana;
• phonography - likutipatsa kalata phokoso (osati kusokonezedwa ndi mawu akuti zachipatala kuti kalembera wa kung'ung'udza mtima).

Malinga ndi gulu lina, kulemba anatenga malo mu magawo ake mapangidwe monga pictographs chisanadze olembedwa, kaphatikizidwe, wosazindikira ideography ndi zoona, kalata, monga ife tinkakonda kuwona, kapena galamafoni. Galamafoni zikuphatikizapo mitundu zotsatirazi kulemba: mawu syllabic, syllabic ndi pachokhapachokha.

Asayansi panopa ochuluka monga 5000 zinenero. Pa 1/3 iwo ali olembedwa yake chinenero ndi mabuku. The kulemba ambiri masiku ano Latin (imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 40% ya anthu padziko lonse). A kotala ya anthu onse padziko lapansi ntchito kulemba zilembo wake Chinese. Chisililiki anawonjezera kuti 18% ya malo dziko (kuphatikizapo Russia). mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulemba Indian angapezeke mu India, Nepal, Thailand ndi Laos. Tsankho kulemba ochepa yafalikira makamaka m'maiko a China ndi zigawo Mongolia.