Makiavelli Nikkolo: nzeru, ndale, maganizo, malingaliro

Chitaliyana wolemba ndi nzeru zapamwamba Makiavelli Nikkolo anali States zofunika Florence, agwilitse malo Mlembi, ndi udindo kukhalabe mfundo yachilendo. Koma zambiri amadziwika mabuku ake anali atalemba, mwa womwenso kunja ndemanga ndale "mfumu."

Wambiri mwa wolemba

Wolemba tsogolo ndi woganiza Makiavelli Nikkolo anabadwa mu mzinda wa Florence mu 1469. bambo ake anali wazamalamulo. Iye anachita zonse zimene mwana wake anaphunzira kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyo. Chifukwa chaichi, panalibe malo abwino kuposa Italy. The kasupe chachikulu cha luso Machiavelli chinali chilankhulidwe Latin limene kuwerenga yaikulu mabuku. Reference mabuku iye kukhala ntchito za olemba wakale: Iosifa Flaviya, Macrobius, Cicero ndi Livy. Mnyamatayo anali wokonda mbiri. Kenako, zokonda izi zikugwirizananso ntchito yake. The kwambiri kwa wolemba inali ntchito ya wakale Greek Plutarch, Polybius ndi Thucydides.

Makiavelli Nikkolo anayamba utumiki wothandiza pa nthawi imene Italy akudwala nkhondo pakati pa mizinda angapo, maufumu komanso mayiko. A malo apadera linali kulamulidwa ndi Papa, amene kumayambiriro kwa XV ndi XVI zaka. Sizinali ngati pontifi achipembedzo, komanso chidwi chithunzi ndale. Kugawikana kwa Italy ndi kupanda wogwirizana mtundu boma anachita mizinda wolemera kwa dziko la tidbit kwa mphamvu ina yaikulu - France, Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma ndi kupeza mphamvu ya atsamunda Spain. A tangle zinthu zinali zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zikamera ndi kuchotsa migwirizano ya ndale. Nthawi yofunika kwambiri zochitika umboni Makiavelli Nikkolo, zinakhudza kwambiri osati Luso lake, komanso zidzakhalira.

mfundo

malingaliro zili m'mabuku ake Machiavelli, wokondwa kwambiri pa maganizo a m'deralo ndondomeko. wolemba anali woyamba kuganizira mwatsatanetsatane ndipo anafotokoza makhalidwe onse a olamulira. Mu buku la "The Mfumu," iye anati mwachindunji kuti zofuna ndale za boma ayenera patsogolo pa misonkhano ndi mapangano. Chifukwa cha kaonedwe ichi, woganiza ankaona chitsanzo chabwino cynic, amene adzaleka kanthu kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. State wachinyengo anafotokozera utumiki wa cholinga apamwamba wabwino.

Niccolo Machiavelli, amene nzeru anabadwa chifukwa cha chondichitikira pa chikhalidwe cha anthu Italy chiyambi cha m'ma XVI, analankhula osati za ubwino njira ina. Pa masamba a mabuku ake anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo la boma, momwe ntchito ndi mabwenzi ambiri. Woganiza adafotokoza lingaliro limene ndale ndi sayansi, amene ali malamulo komanso malamulo akeake. Niccolo Machiavelli kuti munthu, mwangwiro katswiri wa nkhaniyi, akhoza kuneneratu za m'tsogolo kapena kudziwa zotsatira za njira (nkhondo, kusintha, ndi zina zotero. D.).

Kufunika kwa mfundo Machiavelli a

Florence analemba Kubadwa Kwatsopano anayambitsa nkhani zambiri watsopano nkhani ku zaumunthu lapansi. mtsutso wake kaya ndi pansi makhalidwe abwino anapereka funso chakuthwa akadali kukangana m'masukulu ambiri ndi akatswiri ziphunzitso.

Zokambirana za udindo wa munthu wa mkulu mu mbiri kwa nthawi yoyamba anatuluka cholembera cha Niccolo Machiavelli. woganiza malingaliro zinamuchititsa kukhulupirira kuti kugawikana ang'onoang'ono (imene Mwachitsanzo, anakhala Italy) chikhalidwe cha wogwirizira mwayekha kwa mabungwe onse a mphamvu amene amawononga okhala m'dziko lake. M'mawu ena, mu mkhalidwe unagawanika wa lodana kapena kufooka wolamulira kumabweretsa mavuto ndi tenfold poipa. Pa moyo wake, Machiavelli anaona zitsanzo zokwanira za Matchalitchi amenewa ndi maukulu Italy ndi mayiko kumene mphamvu linagwedezeka uku ngati pendulum a. Nthawi zambiri kusinthasintha izi nkhondo ndi masoka ena amene chovuta kugundidwa ndi anthu wamba.

Choncho, adiresi kwa wowerenga wake wolemba anadandaula chakuti boma sangakhale ogwira popanda okhwima boma. Pankhaniyi dongosolo yokha compensates kuipa wolamulira ofooka kapena sangathe.

Mbiri ya "Wamkulu Koposa"

Tikumbukenso kuti lonena "Kalonga" lidalembedwa ngati kalozera tingachipeze powerenga ntchito ankafuna kuti andale Italy. Chotero kalembedwe kulemba anapanga buku lapadera kwa nthawi. Iyo inali ntchito bwinobwino pulogalamu zomwe onse anali kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe mfundozo, mothandizidwa ndi zitsanzo za dziko ndi mfundo zomveka. "The Mfumu," linasindikizidwa mu 1532, zaka zisanu pambuyo pa imfa ya Niccolo Machiavelli. maganizo a boma kale Florence yomweyo resonated ndi anthu pa lalikulu.

Buku wakhala lina andale ambiri ndi mayiko a m'zaka zotsatira. Iye mwachangu angandisindikizirenso mpaka tsopano ndi imodzi mwa nsanamira za zaumunthu ndi anadzipereka kwa mabungwe anthu ndi boma. Nkhani yaikulu kulemba bukuli zinachitikira kugwa kwa Republic Florence, amene wakhala Niccolo Machiavelli. Quotes ku lonena anali mbali mabuku osiyanasiyana, zimene zimaphunzitsa a boma la maukulu zosiyanasiyana Italy.

chibadwa mphamvu

ntchito yake wolemba lagawidwa chaputala 26, omwe akupita kwa nkhani makamaka ndale. Kudziwa bwino mbiri ya Niccolo Machiavelli (matchulidwe a olemba yakale zambiri pa masamba) analola kuti atsimikizire nkhambakamwa zawo zinachitikira m'nthawi zakale. Mwachitsanzo, Yoswa chaputala lonse kuti tsogolo la Persian mfumu Dariyo, analanda Aleksandrom Makedonskim. Wolemba wake nkhani anapereka ziyenera chimene chachitika kugwa ya boma ndipo anatsogolera mfundo zingapo chifukwa chake dziko Kodi wopanduka pambuyo pa imfa ya mtsogoleri wamng'ono.

Funso za mitundu ya boma cholowa ndi chidwi kwambiri Niccolo Machiavelli. Politics, mu maganizo ake, ndi mwachindunji amadalira m'njira yoyenera mpando wachifumu amapatsirana kuloŵedwa m'malo ndi m'malo a. Ngati wachifumu wadutsa njira yodalirika, boma sichingaike chipwirikiti ndi waphindu. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu bukhu ndi njira zingapo kugwira boma ankhanza, amene wolemba anali Niccolo Machiavelli. Mwachidule, mfumu zosamukira kudera latsopano anagwira anthu ambiri mwachindunji kuyan'ana maganizo m'deralo. A chitsanzo chapadera cha njira imeneyi inali kugwa kwa Constantinople mu 1453, pamene Turkey yakumeneko anasamukira ku mzinda uwu likulu lake ndi anadzatchedwa kuti Istanbul.

yopulumutsa boma

wolemba anayesa mwatsatanetsatane owerenga kuti n'zotheka kusunga analanda dziko lina. Chifukwa chaichi, malinga ndi nkhani yolembedwa ya wolemba, pali njira ziwiri - nkhondo ndi mtendere. Pankhaniyi, njira onse saloledwa, ndipo iwo ayenera mwaluso amaphatikizidwa ndi imodzi aphwetse mkwiyo ndi mantha anthu. Machiavelli anali wothandiza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa madera pa kupeza dziko (za mawonekedwe chimene chidachitika Agiriki akale kapena Chitaliyana mayiko apanyanja). Mu mutu womwewo, wolemba anabweretsa golide ulamuliro: Mfumu m'pofunika kuthandiza ofooka, ndi kufooketsa amphamvu ndi kaonedwe mu dziko. Popeza kayendedwe amphamvu chitsutso amathandiza kusunga mphamvu okhawo chiwawa mu dziko, umene uli chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za boma odalirika ndi khola.

Fotokozera njira kuthetsa vutoli, Niccolo Machiavelli. nzeru wolembayo anayambitsa monga chopereka cha zimene zinamuchitikira kasamalidwe ku Florence ndi kadziwidwe ka kalekale.

Udindo wa umunthu mu mbiri

Popeza Machiavelli tcheru kwambiri ndi nkhani ya kufunika kwa munthu wa mbiri, anapanganso yochepa sewero la makhalidwe amene ayenera kukhala nacho mwayekha ogwira. Chitaliyana wolemba anatsindika kukonda kwambiri chuma, kumatsutsa olamulira wopatsa amathera chuma chawo pachabe. Childs, autocrats amenewa amachita kulera msonkho mwambo nkhondo kapena ena pangozi anthu, ndiwo anthu zosasangalatsa kwambiri.

Machiavelli wolungama olamulira stiffness mu boma. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti mfundo imeneyi anthu Pewani zosafunika chipwirikiti ndi zipolowe. Mwachitsanzo, mfumu asanakalambe kulanga anthu amene sachedwa kuukira akupha anthu angapo nthawi yomweyo kupulumutsa ena alionse kuchokera mwazi zosafunika. Mu nkhani yolembedwa izi mobwerezabwereza chitsanzo cha nzeru la wolemba za mavuto a anthu ndi chabe kuyerekeza ndi zofuna za dziko lonse.

Kufunika kwa olamulira stiffness

Florence wolemba mobwerezabwereza kuganiza kuti umunthu zimasintha, ndi anthu ambiri padziko - ndi gulu la zolengedwa ofooka ndi adyera. Choncho, Iye anapitiriza Machiavelli, m'pofunika kusangalatsa mfumu mantha anthu ake. Izi kusunga mwambo mu dziko.

Mwachitsanzo anatchula zinachitikira wakale lodziwika bwino mkulu Hannibal. Iye ntchito nkhanza kusunga dongosolo Asilikali ake Mipikisano mitundu, zaka zingapo kulimbana mu ukapolo wa Roma. Ndipo sanali mwankhanza, chifukwa ngakhale Kuphedwa ndi chokana motsutsa waphwanya malamulo chilungamo, ndipo palibe wina, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wawo sanathe kupeza chitetezo chokwanira. Machiavelli ankakhulupirira kuti wolamulira wa nkhanza iyesedwa yolungama pokhapokha ngati si lotseguka kuba a anthu nkhanza akazi.

woganiza imfa

Atalemba "Mfumu" wotchuka woganiza zaka zomalizira za moyo wake zoyenera kulenga "History of Florence" imene wabwerera ku mtundu wanyimbo amakonda. Iye anafa mu 1527. Ngakhale mbiri posthumous la wolemba, malo m'manda akadali osadziwika.