Planck a amanena: chiyambi cha dziko kwadzidzidzi

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zimene amanena za Planck, amene anayambitsa malowa, ndipo kufunika kwa chitukuko cha sayansi yamakono. Amasonyezanso ndi mtengo wa quantization mfundo microcosm lonse.

Yamakono ndi kwadzidzidzi sayansi

Dziko ano lili luso wosiyana kwambiri ndi zonse zimene zinali bwino kwa zaka zana zapitazo. Zonsezi anakhala zotheka chifukwa chakuti pa chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri, asayansi asiye chotchinga potsiriza mudziwitse: thunthu mu pokha si mosalekeza. Ndipo ine ndinatsegula nthawi ya kopanda zodabwitsa munthu - Maks thabwa.

Wambiri Planck

dzina lake ndi: mmodzi wa zokhazikika thupi, kwadzidzidzi aone kuti pali, gulu la sayansi Germany, ndi asteroid Chigwa pa mwezi, danga zakutali. fano lake anali awalemba pa ndalama ndi kusindikizidwa pa masitampu ndi banknotes. Kodi munthu anali Maks thabwa? Iye anabadwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi, German m'banja lapamwamba opata. Mwa makolo ake anali maloya ambiri wabwino ndi azibusa. maphunziro M.Plank zinali zabwino, koma asayansi anzake mwanthabwala kuti "kudziletsa anaphunzitsa". chidziwitso Basic wasayansi anafika ku mabuku.

kungoganizira Planck unabadwa kuchokera kopanda kuti theoretically anachokera. unachitikira "sayansi ndi zofunika kwambiri" Mfundo ntchito ya sayansi. Mu nkhondo yoyamba Planck ayesa kusunga kulankhula ndi anzake yachilendo otsutsa Germany. Kubera Anazi anamugwira iye monga mkulu wa dera lalikulu sayansi - ndi wasayansi anafuna kuteteza ogwira ntchito awo, anathandiza kuti apite kunja amene anathawa boma. Kotero kuti kungoganizira za Planck sanali yekhayo amene anali kulemekezedwa. Komabe iye poyera anatsutsa Hitler, zikuoneka pozindikira kuti osati kuvulaza okha, komanso kuthandiza anthu amene akufunikira madziwo. Mwatsoka, asayansi ambiri sanamvere udindo uwu Planck ndipo anasiya lolingana naye. Iye anali ndi ana asanu, wamng'ono ndi okha anapulumuka bambo ake. Mwana wamkulu wa anatenga poyamba, pakati - Wachiwiri World nkhondo. aakazi awiri sanakhale ndi moyo pobereka. Pankhaniyi, m'nthawi ananena kuti chokha m'nyumba anali Planck yekha.

magwero quanta

Kuyambira katswiri sukulu chidwi lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Lembali limati motere: ndondomeko iliyonse zikuchulukirachulukira okha chisokonezo ndi imfa ya mphamvu kapena misa. Iye anali woyamba zopanga motere - mwa mawu a mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito, zomwe zitha kuwonjezera chitetezo cha thermodynamic. Pambuyo pake, ntchito izi zachititsa kuti kungoganizira kuti wotchuka Planck anali kukonza. Iye anali mmodzi wa anthu amene anayambitsa mwambo kugawana masamu ndi sayansi, pafupifupi kupanga gawo ongolankhula ya masika. Pamaso pake sayansi zonse zachilengedwe ankawaona, ndipo zatsopano ankachiritsa Laboratories umodzi, umene pafupifupi sanali amasiyana alchemical.

The amanena za quanta

Kuyendera mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ya mafunde mu atomu mu mawu a oscillators, ndi zochokera deta experimental analandira masiku awiri isanafike October 19, 1900, Planck asayansi anayambitsa chilinganizo wina amene anadzakhala ndi dzina lake. Izo zikugwirizana ndi mphamvu ndipo timaganiza kutentha cheza (zinachitikira Kuchepetsa kwa blackbody). Pakuti usiku wotsatira anzake motsogozedwa ndi Rubens ayesa kuti atsimikizire mfundo imeneyi. Ndipo iye anali kulondola! Komabe, kutsimikizira theoretically akumapeza pamenepa amanena chilinganizo chotero kupewa wopandamalire mtundu masamu zovuta Planck anazindikira kuti mphamvu panamveka mtsinje si mosalekeza, monga kale ndinaganiza, ndi mbali munthu (E = hν). Njira imeneyi ndi anagwetsa ziphunzitso zonse zilipo za olimba. Planck a kwadzidzidzi kungoganizira zinasinthiratu sayansi.

Zotsatira za quantization ndi

Poyamba, wasayansi sankadziwa kufunika anapeza wake. Kwa kanthawi, njira ankagwiritsa ntchito kokha zimaŵetedwa iwo monga njira yachidule kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha ntchito masamu kuwerengera. Pa nthawi yomweyo monga Planck asayansi ntchito anthu aone kuti pali apitirize Maxwell. Osokonezeka yekha H zonse, zimene sakanatha kusamalira kupereka tanthauzo thupi. Only Patapita Albert Eynshteyn ndi Paulo Ehrenfest, kuwerenga zochitika zonse zatsopano cha mpweya wa poizoni ndi kuyesa kupeza kulungamitsidwa masamu a makulidwe kuwala, anazindikira kufunika zimene Planck kungoganizira. Akuti lipoti lomwe mfundo koyamba anachita ndi quantization mphamvu, watsegula nyengo yatsopano ya sayansi. Mwina, Einstein anali woyamba kuzindikira chiyambi. Kotero ndi ngongole ake.

Kodi quantized

Mayiko onse amene angatenge tinthu aliyense pulayimale ndi apawokha. Pakompyuta atsekerezedwa akhoza ili chabe pa mayiko ena. Malemeredwe atomu ngati ndondomeko zosiyana - umuna kumachitika kwambiri osasamba. mogwirizana aliyense mu atomu - kuuzana photons mphamvu zoyenera. Mphamvu ya atomu a anthu kuwalamulira kokha mwa Kumvetsa apawokha cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Tikukhulupirira, tsopano kuti owerenga sadzakhala ndi funso, kodi amanena za Planck, nanga imakhudzira ano, kutanthauza kuti aliyense wa anthu.