Lamulo loyamba ndi lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe

Tisanakambirane lamulo loyamba ndi lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, m'pofunika kufotokoza tanthauzo la mawu akuti "yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe." Pankhaniyi, mawu odziwikiratu: n'zosavuta kudziwa zina ziwiri - "matenthedwe" ndi "wamphamvu". Pamene Greek akutembenukira "kutentha kutentha" ndiponso "mphamvu, kayendedwe, kusintha." M'mawu ena, yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe Bwaloli ndi limodzi mwa nthambi ya sayansi, kuphunzira mbali ya kutentha kutembenuka kwa mitundu ina ya mphamvu ndi mosemphanitsa. Pankhaniyi zoyenda matenthedwe zinthu microcosm (ma atomu, mamolekyu, particles) sali m'gulu anati gawo ndipo anaphunzira ku madera ena a sayansi. Yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe chimakhudzanso machitidwe lonse zazikulu, amene yodziwika ndi kuchuluka, kuthamanga ndi zina zotero.

sayansi Izi zachokera zina zofunika (ziro, choyamba, lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe) anavomera mu postulates lapansi. Iwo anatsimikiza experimentally ndipo anatsimikizira ndi kuwerengetsera ongolankhula. Kubverana kwawo ndi mosadziwika yekha, kuyambira chiyambi cha linanena bungwe mwachindunji wina ndi mzake si zotheka.

Pali zinthu zinayi chiyambi - ndi ziro lachitatu. Tiyeni lozani tanthauzo ya aliyense wa iwo. Zero malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe limanena kuti dongosolo lililonse amamuchititsa ndi mgwirizano thermodynamic, choncho pamapeto pali kugwirizana ndi kutha kwa kanthu kunja. Kungakhale dongosolo akutali kalekale.

Mmodzi wa chachikulu - ndi lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Choyamba kukonza m'nthawi ya 19. Ndipotu, lamulo la kusamala mphamvu poyerekezera ndi zimene zikuchitika macrosystems njira thermodynamic. Mwa njira, nthawi zambiri mothandizidwa ndi zopanda izi adakana kuti kuli la makina lopitirira zoyenda, chifukwa kuchita ntchito zofunika kuti kunja kulankhula dongosolo mphamvu zina. Malinga ndi iye, mu dongosolo chatsekedwa akutali phindu mphamvu zonse akanali yemweyo.

Lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi bwino kuti aliyense kuyambira ali mwana. Malinga ndi iye, mphamvu matenthedwe akhoza mwachibadwa opatsirana mbali imodzi yokha - kuchokera thupi otentha ndi zochepa mkangano. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa m'nyengo yozizira pa msewu zikuoneka kuti ozizira, kuyambira yozungulira kutentha ndi poyerekeza kuti thupi la munthu, omwe kutentha. Lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti lonse mkati mphamvu ya dongosolo sangathe kwathunthu n'kukhala ntchito zothandiza. Kodi chidwi, lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mwamasamu provable. Ndimapereka kuchuluka zatsopano, chitsanzo anali kulimbikira, atakambirana monga axiom ndi.

Yomwe ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zomwe lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe? Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito! mawu amenewa Greek amatanthauza "kusintha." Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ndi khalidwe la dongosolo lililonse thermodynamic ndipo ndi ntchito ya boma. Ambiri akhoza ankaganiza kuti mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito limasonyeza ndikubvomera kuti matenda alionse dongosolo. R. Clausius, amene akufuna liwu kwa njira thermodynamic monga mafotokozedwe anapereka chitsanzo cha madzi kuzizira: akuimira madzi m'chigawo madzi m'malire a madigiri ziro Celsius. M'pofunikanso kuti afotokoze gawo la mphamvu zakunja zokwanira vutoli, madzi kwasanduka boma olimba (ayezi). Pamene kusintha chifukwa kapangidwe mkati mwa mphamvu adzamasulidwa. Pankhaniyi, ndi ndondomeko kusintha. Choncho, kusintha mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ndi chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka okwana mphamvu matenthedwe kufunika mtheradi kutentha. Chotsatira wina limasonyeza kuti kachitidwe chatsekedwa popanda kunja chikoka mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ukuwonjezeka.