Zimayambitsa kugawikana ang'onoang'ono. Background ndi zifukwa za ang'onoang'ono kugawikana mu Europe

Western limati European sanali kwathunthu mu Ages Middle. Aliyense anali ochepa fiefs lalikulu, limene pamapeto ogaŵikana ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, mu Germany, panali pafupi mazana awiri limati yaing'ono. Ambiri a iwo anali wamng'ono kwambiri, ndipo iwo anayankhula mu jest, kuti mutu wa wolamulirayo akugona pa dziko lake, ndipo miyendo wotambasula - mu malo a mnzake. Izi zinali nthawi ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono amene anagwidwa mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Nkhani imeneyi ndi chidwi kwambiri osati kwa ophunzira, chomwe zalongosoledwa mwachidule mu buku "History World. Kalasi 6 ", komanso achikulire, mwina pang'ono dzimbiri kusukulu.

tanthawuzo

Feudalism - dongosolo la ndale kuti anatuluka mu Zapakati ndipo zinali zoona pa malire a maiko ndiye European. Mayiko amenewa ndondomeko kulamulira anali ogaŵikana zigawo otchedwa feuds. mayiko amenewa anagawanika mafumu, mafumu mu ntchito yaitali nkhani mfulu - aang'ono. Eni, amene kasamalidwe anagwa m'gawo anali kulamulidwa chaka kupereka msonkho kwa chuma cha boma, komanso kutumiza asilikali wolamulira wa nambala inayake ya Ankhondo ndi asilikali ena mfuti. Ndipo chifukwa kuti atumiki, nayenso, osati muli ufulu ntchito dziko, koma kusamalira ntchito ndi tsogolo la anthu amene amaona nzika zawo.

Kutha kwa ufumu

Atamwalira Karla Velikogo mu 814, m'malo analephera kukhalabe boma analenga iwo kuvunda. Ndipo zonse moyo ndi zifukwa ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono anayamba kusonyeza izo kwa mphindi kwambiri pamene frankiyskie ambuye, kapena kani, udindo, amene akuluakulu a ufumuwo, anayamba kulanda dziko. Pankhaniyi, anthu ufulu okhala kumeneko, iwo anatembenuka kwa awo aang'ono ndi amphawi yaukapolo.

Mafumu ang'onoang'ono anali wotchuka, wotchedwa Senor, amene Ndipotu anali atatseka minda. M'madera awo anachita zonse zofunika pa moyo wa mankhwala, kuyambira chakudya ndi zipangizo kumaliza kwa ntchito yomanga nyumba - nyumba bwino mipanda yolimba kwambiri, anthu eni mayiko amenewa. Tikhoza kunena kuti kusagwirizana ang'onoang'ono mu Europe, palinso kuyamika chuma zachilengedwezi, zimathandiza kuti ufulu chonse olemekezeka.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, malo a Zithunzi zinayamba anatengera mizu kuseri kwa nzika waukulu. Iwo asiya kumvera mfumu ndipo sing'anga ndi yaing'ono ambuye ang'onoang'ono inasanduka aang'ono.

pangano la Verdun

Ndi imfa Karla Velikogo mu banja lake anayamba kukangana, zomwe zinachititsa kuti nkhondo pano. Pa nthawi iyi, yaikulu ang'onoang'ono ambuye anayamba kuwathandiza. Koma, potsiriza wotopa za nkhondo zonse mu 843, Karla Velikogo zidzukulu anaganiza nawo mu mzinda wa Verdun, kumene zinasaina pangano malinga ndi zomwe ufumuwo anali chidagawika patatu.

Malinga ndi pangano ndi gawo limodzi la dziko wadutsa mu malo a Louis ku Germany. Iye anakhala wolamulira wa dera unali kumpoto kwa Alps ndi kum'mawa kwa Rhine. boma ena amati East-achifulanki. Apa analankhula Chijeremani.

Gawo lachiwiri analandira pa kayendetsedwe ka Karl, amene tinapirira dzina dazi. Awa anali mayiko unali kumadzulo kwa Rhone mtsinje, ndi Scheldt ndi Meuse. Iwo anali kudziŵika kuti West Francia. Pano, kuyankhula mu malirime, lomwe kenako anapanga maziko a chinenero chamakono French.

Gawo lachitatu la dziko, pamodzi ndi mutu wa mfumu, anapita ku wamkulu wa abale - Lothar. Iye anali m'madera pamodzi mtsinje Rhine, komanso Italy. Koma posakhalitsa anakangana abale, ndi pakati pa nkhondo sikunathe kachiwiri. Louis Carl ogwirizana ndi Lothair, anachotsa m'dziko lake ndi kuwagawa pakati pawo. Panthawi imeneyi mutu wa mfumu pafupifupi anatanthauza kanthu.

Zinali pambuyo kulekana woyambawo boma Karla Velikogo ku Ulaya analowa nthawi ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono. Kenako, chuma cha abale atatu akhala kudziko limene kulibe lero - izi ndi Italy, Germany ndi France.

M'mayiko Medieval European

Kuwonjezera pa ufumu Karla Velikogo, panali wina waukulu Ulaya. Mu 1066, kalonga wa ku Normandy (a dera ili kumpoto kwa France), pogonjetsa achingelezi maufumu, iye nawo ndi anakhala mfumu ya England. Dzina lake anali William Mgonjetsi.

East wa limati German kale kupanga limati Asilavo, monga Czech Republic, Poland ndi Kievan Lazaro. Ndipo pa mtsinje wa Danube, kulamulidwa ndi wongosamukasamuka amene anabwera kuno nthawi anaonekera Chihangare Ufumu. Komanso, panali Sweden, Denmark ndi Norway kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Onse limati izi nthawi zina agwirizane.

Kugwa limati akale

Kotero kodi ife kuno chifukwa cha kugawikana ang'onoang'ono? Chifukwa kugwa kwa ufumu pa nthawiyo osati feuding olamulira. Monga mukudziwa, dziko a boma Karla Velikogo, anali ogwirizana ndi mwankhondo. Choncho, zifukwa ang'onoang'ono kusagwirizana pa choona kuti panali pofuna kusonkhanitsa mu umodzi ufumu mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri, amene sanafune kuti moyo pamodzi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a West Francia anaitanidwa ndi French, ndi East-Wachifulanki - Ajeremani, ndi anthu amene amakhala mu Italy - Italy. Choona chidwi n'chakuti zikalata woyamba kwambiri olembedwa mu zilankhulo za anthu amene amakhala apa, anaonekera pamene kulimbana kwa mphamvu ya mfumu Karla Velikogo adzukulu. Choncho, Charles ndi dazi ndi Louis ku German kuti anasaina mgwilizano ponena kuti amalumbira kuti ayime pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Lothar. mapepala izi zidakwezekanso mu Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani.

Mphamvu ya olemekezeka

Zimayambitsa ang'onoang'ono kugawikana mu Europe mwachuluka amadalira zochita za udindo ndi atsogoleri, ndiwo mtundu wa akazembe m'madera osiyanasiyana m'dzikoli. Koma pa nthawi, pamene iwo anayamba kumva mphamvu mbwee, mafumu ang'onoang'ono anasiya kutsatira mkulu. Tsopano iwo anali eni dziko yekha amene m'gawo anali wotchuka awo. Komabe, iwo lipoti mwachindunji kwa mfumu kapena Earl, ndipo ngakhale ndiye yekha panthawi ya nkhondo, pamene anachita pa ndawala n'kutsogolera wake. Pamene patsogolo dziko, iwo anali palokha kwathunthu ndi kusamalira m'mayiko awo ndi anthu okhala iwo, monga momwe wasankha.

ang'onoang'ono makwerero

Kuti alenge asilikali ake, atsogoleri ndi earls anapereka gawo la magawo awo smallholders kwambiri. Choncho, ena akuluakulu (lalikulu) ndi ena - retainers awo (atumiki nkhondo). Nalanda fief, ndi m'manja anagwada pamaso pa mbuye wake, ndipo analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa iye. Nafenso Mr anaperekedwa nzika ya nthambi ya mtengo ndi ochepa lapansi.

Makamaka boma ang'onoang'ono ndi mfumu. Iye ankaona mwini udindo ndi atsogoleri. Mu lawo anali mazana a m'midzi ndi ambiri mayunitsi asilikali. mphako A pansipa anali barons, amene anali atumiki a udindo ndi atsogoleri. Iwo anali zambiri osati midzi oposa khumi ndi zitatu, ndi detachment a asilikali. Barons anamvera yaing'ono Ankhondo ang'onoang'ono.

Zotsatira zake zinali ufumu ang'onoang'ono ndalama pafupifupi anali mbuye kwa wamng'ono, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anali m'manja mwa olemekezeka ndi zazikulu. Choncho kusanduka zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri. Amenewo, anthu olemekezeka amene anali atumiki a mfumu, sanafunikire kumumvera ndi kuchita malangizo ake. Panalinso ulamuliro wapadera. Ilo linati: "m'manja mwa m'manja anga - osati m'manja mwanga".

Kubverana maphunzirowo ngati makwerero kumene pa masitepe pansi ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono ambuye, ndi pamwamba - ikuluikulu lolamuliridwa ndi mfumu. Ndi mugawo ili anadzatchedwa makwerero ang'onoang'ono. Wamba sanali gawo la izo, chifukwa onse ogwirizana ndi atumiki anakhala kumbali ya ntchito yawo.

chuma wachibadwa

Zimayambitsa kugawikana ang'onoang'ono kumadzulo kwa Ulaya kwagona kuti anthu osati m'madera munthu ndi m'midzi, ndipo pafupifupi sanafune asapita boma ndi m'madera ena. zofunika zinthu, chakudya ndi zipangizo Zonsezi akhoza kupanga okha kapena kungoti kugulitsa oyandikana nawo nyumba. Pa nthawi imeneyo basi kuyanga chuma ang'onoang'ono, kumene malonda yokha unatha.

mfundo asilikali

Ang'onoang'ono kugawikana, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za zomwe kunathandiza kwambiri pa mphamvu lankhondo la asilikali leni achifumu, sakanachitira mwina osati kukulitsa, komanso kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wa boma mu maso a mumzinda waukulu. Mafumu ang'onoang'ono ndi atumwi khumi ndi nthawi kuti tikhale squads zawo. Choncho, asilikali patokha mfumu sanathe kumvetsa kukana atumiki amenewa. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kazembe wa boma anali chimadalira yekha ndiye mutu wa dongosolo lonse masanjidwe. Ndipotu, dziko linali mu ulamuliro wa ambuye - ndi atsogoleri, barons ndi akalonga.

Chifukwa kugwa limati European

Choncho, onse zimayambitsa zikuluzikulu za kugawikana ang'onoang'ono akhala anazindikiritsidwa mu ndondomeko kuphunzira chikhalidwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya mu Ages Middle. dongosolo ndale kwachititsa likutukuka mawu a zinthu ziwayendere bwino komanso kuti wotukuka wa chitsogozo cha uzimu. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanenanso kuti ndondomeko ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono anali zomveka ndithu ndi cholinga. Koma izi amangonena za ku Ulaya.

Nawa wamba m'maboma onse, popanda yekha, ndi chifukwa cha kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, mwachidule mwachidule mfundo ziwiri:

● Kupezeka kwa chuma achilengedwe. Icho chiri, pa dzanja limodzi, kupereka nyamuka mwachilungamo lakuthwa mu chitukuko ndi malonda, komanso kukula mofulumira pa nthawi yogwila nchito dziko, ndi pa zina - ndi anasiya specialization zina mwa zinthu payekha ndi ubwenzi zochepa kwambiri zachuma ndi mayiko ena.

● anakakhala njira alonda moyo. M'mawu ena, kusintha kwa anthu ake ndi mwayi ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi ufulu kukhala ndi dziko. Komanso, mphamvu zawo pa anthu wamba anali chosaneneka. Iwo anali ndi mwayi kuweruza anthu ndi kuwalanga zolakwa zosiyanasiyana. Izi zayambitsa chifooke mphamvu ya mfundo chapakati boma m'madera osiyana. Komanso, pali prerequisites njira yothetsera bwino mavuto a magulu ankhondo am'deralo.

Ang'onoang'ono kugawikana m'mayiko Russian

Njira zikuchitika mu Ulaya kuyambira X atumwi, sanathe amanyalanyaza ukulu, kumene Asilavo East ankakhala. Koma tisaiwale kuti zimayambitsa ang'onoang'ono kugawikana mu Lazaro anali ndi khalidwe wapadera. Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi zizolowezi zina umoyo ndi zachuma, komanso miyambo motsatizana.

boma kulekana kwa ukulu anali chifukwa chikoka chachikulu, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito anthu otchuka m'dera, wotchedwa boyars. Komanso, iwo anali landholdings lalikulu ndipo anathandiza akalonga m'deralo. Ndipo m'malo kugonjera maulamuliro Kiev, iwo anavomera pakati pawo.

chibadwa yachifumu

Monga ku Ulaya, ang'onoang'ono kugawikana anayamba ndi chakuti ana ambiri olamulira sakanakhoza kugawana mphamvu. Ngati mayiko a azungu zinthu Salic malamulo wachifumu cholowa, adamfunsa wachifumu yakubuluka atate mwana wamkulu, ndiye anachita Lestvicheskoe ufulu m'mayiko Russian. Unafotokoza kuti kulanda mphamvu m'bale mkulu wachinyamata ndi zina zotero D..

Ambiri mbewu abale onse anakula, ndipo aliyense wa iwo kufuna kumalamulira. Patapita nthawi, zinthu zinavuta kwambiri, ndi pretenders ufumu mowirikiza ndi mwakhama chidwi ndi mnzake.

Woyamba kwambiri ndewu anakhala nkhondo asilikali pakati pa olandira a Prince Svyatoslav yemwe anamwalira mu 972. Wopambana anachoka mwana wake Vladimir, amene anabatizidwa Russia ina. Kutha kwa boma anayamba pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich yemwe anamwalira mu 1132. Kenako, kugawikana ang'onoang'ono mpaka lapansi linayamba kugwirizanitsa padziko Moscow.

Chifukwa kugawikana m'mayiko Russian

Ndondomeko onongani Kiev Lazaro chimakwirira nthawi kuchokera pachiyambi mpaka XII XIV atumwi. Mu nyengo iyi ya akalonga yaitali ndi wamagazi nkhondo yapachiweniweni chifukwa cha kukula kwa wambiri dziko.

Nawa zimayambitsa chofunika kwambiri kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, mwachidule ndi bwino kukonza mfundo zinayi, applicable yekha mu Russia:

● Kulimbikitsa nkhondo mkati chifukwa cha mumaganiza awiri umene wakhalapo mu malamulo a kulowezana kwa mpando wachifumu wa Kiev. Mmodzi wa iwo - lamulo Byzantine, amene amalola kusamutsa mphamvu kwa atate mwana wamkulu, wachiwiri - Russian mwambo umene wolowa ayenera kukhala mkulu mu m'badwo.

● A kufooka kwambiri za udindo wa Kiev monga ulamuliro chapakati. Ichi chinali chifukwa anawazunza ndi Polovtsy ulendo pamodzi Dnipro oopsa chifukwa chomwe chinayambitsa eksodo ku Kiev, kumpoto chakumadzulo.

● A kufooka kwambiri anaopseza ku Normandy ndi Pechenegs, komanso kugonjetsa ndi Khazar Khanate ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kugona ndi olamulira Ufumu wa Byzantine.

● Creation wa Yaroslav anzeru a dongosolo yeniyeni. Pambuyo pa imfa yake mu 1054 m'dziko Russian kuwameza lonse mndandanda wa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Old Russian yofunika chikhalidwe cha ufumu yekha anali lidzasinthidwa boma, lomwe linayamba lotsogoleredwa ndi akalonga angapo odalirika Yaroslav.

Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhani imeneyi kwathandiza yothandiza chidziwitso osati ophunzira amene anayamba kuphunzira mutu "Zifukwa ang'onoang'ono kugawikana" limene limagwiritsidwa "History World. 6 kalasi. " Iwo ndidzakupumulitsani kukumbukira ophunzira a ku Yunivesite mu zochitika mu Ages Middle. Koma ngati nkhani monga kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za zimene ife anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, inu mukuona, ndi chidwi kwambiri.