Woyambitsa wa asilikali photojournalism Robert Capa: MBIRI, zilandiridwenso ndi chidwi mfundo

Kwa zaka 40 iye anamasulidwa ambiri anachita. Ndayenda onse pa dziko, kucheza ndi olemba otchuka ndi aluntha nthawi yake, monga Hemingway ndi Steinbeck, anapita nkhondo asanu, anali kholo la mtundu wanyimbo lonse - photojournalism asilikali. Pamene anali kudziwika ngati wachimasomaso ndipo amamwa ndi Vadinho, anapulumuka chiwonongeko cha nkhondo ndi wokondedwa mkazi mnzake, pafupifupi anakwatira mkazi wokongola kwambiri mu dziko - filimu opsa - ndipo anafa imfa nkhondo wamba msilikali. Popeza kuti Robert Capa kwa nthawi yaitali kulibe monga munthu, koma bwino cholinga ndi wabodza, n'zotheka kuti titengere yonena amenewo kwa mkonzi kuti filimu, ndi koyenera "Oscar".

Iwo akuyembekezera tsogolo kwambiri!

Pamene mu 1913 eni banja la kachitidwe situdiyo mu mzinda wa Budapest, Dezso ndi Dzhulii Fridman, mnyamata anabadwa, ndila - kudzakhala munthu modabwitsa amene adzakhala ndi moyo. Chimodzi cha zizindikiro, anaona chizindikiro yaing'ono pamwamba - mwana anali pa dzanja chala owonjezera, amene mwaukhondo kuchotsedwa popanda kukumana ndi mavuto alionse kwa thanzi ndi maonekedwe a mwanayo. Mwana wina dzina lake Andre Erno, koma patapita kanthawi iye anafika dzina lakuti, ngati chigawenga, ndi dzina lakuti anakhala kwa kanthawi dzina lake - Bundy. Mwachionekere, mnyamata uyu Ayuda ku banja labwino ankasiyana ankhanza, malingaliro wochangamuka ndiponso kunyansidwa kwa moyo chete.

Anabwera 30s. Hungary ndi limodzi mwa mayiko kumene achifasizimu anayamba kulamulira, ndipo zigawenga yomweyo anayamba kuchita zionetsero ndi ulamuliro wa Horthy. Atamangidwa wake ndi kuvutitsidwa apolisi wasiya Hungary, ndipo mu 1931 anayamba University of Berlin mu mphamvu ya utolankhani. Koma ndalama kupitiriza maphunziro sanapezeke, ndi gulu anapita kukagwira ntchito mu Die Foto chithunzi bungwe. Mphamvu asamangochita zimene akufuna mnyamata sanasangalale nazo, ndipo posakhalitsa anayamba cholusa kafukufuku wa zinthu zofunika ndale, komwe panthawiyo analibe mofulumira ku Ulaya.

Bwino loyamba

Kulankhula December 1932 ku Copenhagen, Leon Trotsky, ukapolo ndi Stalin ku dziko oopa kuphedwa, analetsa kujambula iliyonse. Koma wojambula zithunzi wamng'ono André Friedmann anakwanitsa kutenga zithunzi zina, amene lofalitsidwa kutsogolera mabuku ambiri European. Icho chinali choyamba wabwino umayamba photojournalist. Iye akuyamba kukhala otsimikiza ndi mfundo ntchito yawo, mkulu limene iye adzalengeza zingapo, Robert Capa: "Ngati zithunzi si zabwino kwambiri - izo zikutanthauza kuti sanali pafupi kuti nditha"

Iye anali mu 1933 mu mtima ayende pakati pa kukatentha, amene brews padziko lonse lapansi m'tsogolo tsoka la nkhondo: mphamvu ku Germany Anazi anabwera. photojournalist Ayuda ndi maganizo leftist mu Berlin anakhala moyo wake pachiswe, ndipo anasamukira ku France mu Paris. Pali mu 1935, monga zinaliri pamenepo iye adaseleula motere naye, "pa zaka 22 wabadwa" tsogolo woyambitsa wa photojournalist asilikali Robert Capa. "Atate" tinganene kuti André Friedmann, koma iye anali, monga ankayembekezera "mayi".

Gerda Taro

msonkhano wawo unali wangwiro mwayi. Pamene Andre anaitanidwa monga mtsikana chitsanzo chimodzi wokongola, monga kuthawa Nazi wozindikira mkwati ndi kudziwa mbiri ya wojambula zithunzi wokongola, anatenga mnzake. Iye anali German Myuda ndi mizu Polish, ndipo dzina lake anali Gerda Anna Pogorilaya. Centerfolds ulemu sanali kuonongeka, koma Gerda ndi zithumwa za Don Juan sakanakhoza kukana. Kunapezeka kuti iwo anali nawo ndi Gerda, ngati Andre, akuyesera kupanga photojournalism wamoyo. Ntchito Andre kuteteza chidziwitso osauka a French ndi kukhalapo mu Paris wa photojournalist lina Friedman banja. Posachedwa pamodzi akuyamba kukhala yowoneka malonda chiwembu.

Akamanena za chopusitsira awo anali, monga chiyenera kukhala, yosavuta ndi luso. ojambula m'malo samveka Ayuda, amene safuna kuthana ndi palibe kope olimba kuonekera wotchuka ndi wokongola wojambula zithunzi a ku America, kumene chithunzi chake Nditatsegula mu nyuzipepala otchuka ndi magazini, ndipo ntchito ndi wothandizila wapadera osakaniza - kwambiri wojambula zithunzi, mtsikana leftist. Posachedwapa Paris atolankhani anayamba kuoneka n'zosadabwitsa apakhungu ndi pachimake, nthawi zambiri zankhanza malipoti chithunzi, yolembedwa ndi dzina la zokongola Robert Capa (Robert Capa). Zokambirana ndi akonzi anatsogolera bwana wake - Gerda Taro, nthawi zina kutumiza ntchito zawo. Achinyamata anapeza chithunzi bungwe, ali anapambana yotchuka kwambiri, kumene lanthano American anali co-mwini Tarot - mlembi wake ndipo bwana.

Nkhondo Spain

Chopusitsira kudabvumbulutsidwa, pamene anasamukira ku New York ndipo anayesera kupereka mwini chithunzi chake bungwe la wotchuka France. Koma iye anali kwenikweni wotchuka, ndipo kuyambira Robert Capa anapangidwa thupi ndi magazi ndi amayang'ana chidwi kwambiri. Kuyatsa yomwe inayamba pa Spanish Civil nkhondo , Robert ndi Gerda anapita monga ojambula odziwika bwino, mayina safuna malonda ndi CINYENGO. Kuwonjezera chidwi akatswiri m'munda kuyamba kumenyana fascism, ndipo anaitana ena chisoni kumanzere, malingaliro ndithu zokomera chosiyanitsa pamene anthu ambiri anzeru padziko lonse.

The nkhondo yoyamba, yomwe nyenyezi Robert Capa, Chinthu choyamba imene iye ankachita njira kutenga zithunzi, filimuyi ali ndi lolondola komanso mkulu kutengeka ndi zimakhudza kwambiri mphamvu omvera. Mafano ake nthawi zonse pankakhala undisguised mtima munthu zimene zikuchitika - ndi chisoni ndi kulemekeza munthu wina, kunyozedwa ndi kudana ndi anthu ena. Personal mtima ndi mphamvu amalola Cape kutenga zithunzi, kununkhiza wa onga ndi zikuphulika zipolopolo woomba, ndi zabwino ndi mtima luso - kuti iwo zikalata losaiwalika ndi chidwi mbiri.

Chithunzi wotchuka

September 5, 1936 Capa anali mu ngalande za Republican m'dera la mapiri a Sierra Morena. The maganizo ozimitsa amene ankatsutsa Frankists anali moperewera. Loyalists thandizo mwachitsanzo la Republic, kuteteza ulamuliro yovomerezeka wopandukayo General Franco, iye ankadziwa mdani awo anali makina atsopano German, amalola kuwombera mwamphamvu kuposa kale lonse.

Kenako Capa anakumbukira pamene timu loyalist mkulu kumenya nkhondo ndi zotsatira, ndipo anthu anayamba kukwera anabisala, anamva chowomberedwa ndi mfuti mokweza. Wojambula anazindikira wake "Leica" pa ngalande ndi mwakhungu ichitike. Pamene oipa, bungwe anatuma Capa, izo wasonyeza mu mabuku ambiri osindikizidwa chithunzi dzina la chithunzi chotchuka kwambiri mu dziko, m'kati nkhondoyo. Panali maumboni osiyanasiyana ndiponso kufufuza kulankhula za chikhalidwe ankachitika wa pachithunzipa, chisembwere wa staging, kugwiridwa ndi Capa. Kusamvana lekani kufikira tsopano, koma ndicho chithunzi chimene anapanga wojambula zithunzi Robert Capa, sizisintha: ndi ordinariness mphindi ya imfa, losindikizidwa chipinda, zikusonyeza zikachitika - odana ndi anthu - zobwera nkhondo.

imfa

M'chaka cha 1937 mu kuthawa ndime ya Republican, pafupi Madrid mumzinda wa Brunete, thanki galimoto mwangozi wosweka ovulala. Iwo anali bwenzi ndi gulu la Capa - Gerda Taro. Tsiku lotsatira - July 26 - anamwalira ku kuvulala wake. Loss wa chikoka chachikulu pa Robert. abwenzi ake anakumbukira kuti iye anali sangathe achire mpaka kumapeto. Tsopano iye ankayenera kugwira ntchito mu bungwe lomwelo, kubadwa Achiwembu chawo olowa, koma ambiri Chofunika - anataya bwenzi wake wokondedwa, amene malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, ndimati osangalala m'banja.

Pa nkhondo lotsatira akupita yekha. Photos anatengedwa Capa ku China, anayambitsa ku Ulaya ndi ku America si zosowa yekha kuti m'madera ambiri a Dziko Lapansi, komanso anali ngati malodza loopsa malawi a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse pamene nkhondo ya asilikali a ku Japan linayamba mu 1938 linaphulika ndi mphamvu makutu, ndi kukhala sanali mbali wina apindula nazo.

World

The peculiarity wa chilamulo American akhale nzika mu 1940 zinachititsa kuti vuto paradoxical ndi photojournalist kale otchuka. Capa yokhala anakhalabe nzika ya Hungary - wothandizana naye cha Nazi Germany ndi mdani odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano. Komabe, panthawi ya nkhondo anali wantchito boma la otchuka American magazini MOYO. M'njira imeneyi, iye anali nawo ntchito zoipitsitsa American asilikali aboma ku Europe - mu ankafika la asilikali anagwirizana mu Normandy.

Kenako, m'buku lake lodziwika "Obisika Ankanena Zokhudza Zinthu Zakuthambo" Robert Capa anatengedwa ndi woona ndi lowopsya mafotokozedwe ake osapita m'mbali June 6, 1944 ankachititsa m'dera la gawo la Norman gombe, amalembedwa pa mapu a asilikali US ngati gawo Omaha Beach. Iye anali mtolankhani yekha mu malo owopsa a ankafika la asilikali American. Iye chinaperekedwa ku chiopsezo kwambiri nthawi iliyonse chachiwiri, kusunthira pamodzi ndi asilikali wamba pansi m'khutu moto kuti Ajeremani ndi chinsalucho itsike mpaka m'munsi gombe misanje.

Capa kujambulidwa angapo cassettes film, kulephera kusunga iwo kuchokera zipolopolo, shrapnel ndi kugwera m'madzi. Ndiye iwo anali kuyembekezera mantha; pakuti yoyang'anira katswiri wa akuwonetseredwa mu magazini "Moyo" mu London anatumiza zipangizo Capa ku Normandy, pafupifupi onse kujambula ndi watayika. Anasunga akatemera 11 zokha, anali ndi zofooka zosiyanasiyana luso. Mwadzidzidzi ali m'bukuli chachilengulengu, sawona bwinobwino, mawanga kupereka zithunzi limaonetseratu kuti iwo anayenda TV zonse zotsogolera ku dzikoli ndipo akhala zapamwamba za kujambula.

The bungwe "Magnum"

Pambuyo nkhondo ulemerero wa wotchuka US fotohronikera sanasinthe njira ya moyo wa Robert Capa. Iye anali abwenzi ndi amisiri ndi olemba, ndili ndi tulo pa kanema. Wotchuka diva wa nthawi - zidzasintha Ingrid Bergman - anali wokonzeka naye, ngati akuima kupita maulendo awo n'kupita asilikali nkhondo. Chifukwa, iwo anaphwanya.

Mu 1947 idamangidwa chithunzi bungwe "Magnum", omwe ankapita ndi Robert Capa. Zapamwamba za kujambula - Henri Cartier-Beresson, David Seymour, Dzhordzh Rodzher - amene anabwera n'kumakhala naye, ankafuna kuti akonze kucheza kutsogolera ojambula zopelekedwa kuti akhoza kufotokoza zochitika kulikonse mu dziko ndi khalidwe zofunika ndi liwiro. cholinga wakhala akwaniritsa, ngakhale bungwe asiye nthawi yovuta.

Nkhondo pambuyo nkhondo

Robert Capa, mbiri, photos, mabuku amene ali ozadzidwa ndi zinthu zoopsa ku minda ya nkhondo asilikali, ankakonda kuwombera ndi moyo wamtendere, kupeza nkhani kukhala zapamwamba. Mu 1949, iye anapita ku Soviet Union, ankafuna kutsegula kunja sanatchule ndi "chitsulo nsaru".

Koma anakhalabe ntchito yaikulu ya photojournalism asilikali. Capa anapitiriza ulendo kumene akatemera inalira kunja. Mu 1948, iye anaphimba zochitika za nkhondo ananena ndi Arab States kuti boma latsopano la Israel.

Last chithunzi mtolankhani Robert Capa anapangidwa May 25, 1954 mu Indochina. Limatisonyeza mmene asilikali American kuyendayenda mosamala kupewa gawo zikulilima msewu. Mu kamphindi inu adzamva okwirira kuphulika zinathera moyo wa photojournalist wotchuka.