Self-zithunzi ndi Dürer: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Titan Western European Kubadwa Kwatsopano, katswiri wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano Albreht Dyurer anali mmodzi wa nyenyezi yowala m'thambo la kupenta German. Chithunzicho wamkulu wa kwa zaka XV-XVI anali wotchuka ndi zojambula mochita kugoba lake pa mtengo ndi mkuwa; mitunda, anaphedwa watercolor ndi gouache tingawapeze zithunzi za moyo. Iye anakhala woyamba m'mbiri ya luso theorist. Kukhala chapachokha munthu Albrecht Dürer analenga osati ntchito kwambiri, ndi katswiri aluntha. Pakati pawo - ndi chosema "Melancholia" ndi lalikulu ake matsenga. A wojambula wanzeru ndi otchuka kudzikonda kwake zithunzi, yomwe anamaliza ndi kuti akhale mmisiri, ndi cholinga wapadera mlembi. Pakuti moyo wa Albrecht Dürer analenga zosachepera 50 ntchito zotero, koma ochepa afika nthawi yathu. ndi chidwi kudziletsa zithunzi ndi Dürer chiyani? N'chifukwa chiyani iwo akupangabe tinthunthumirebe admirers mwachangu ntchito yake?

Self-zithunzi monga yonena Albrehta Dyurera

Biographers amanena kuti mbuye Albrecht Dürer anali wokongola kwambiri mnyamatayo, ndi chikondi cha kudzikonda zithunzi anali mwina chifukwa chikhumbo chabe kukondweretsa anthu. Komabe ichi ndi choonadi cha pangano. Dürer kudziletsa zithunzi - kuonetseredwa kwa dziko lake mkati ndi malingaliro luso, mbiri ya zamoyo wa nzeru ndi chitukuko cha kukoma luso. Pa iwo mukhoza kufufuza moyo wonse wa mmisiri. Uliwonse sitepe - ntchito yatsopano, ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi amene m'mbuyomu. Dürer anapanga kudziona chithunzi cha mtundu wanyimbo osiyana mu luso pophunzitsa, ndipo ntchito yake lonse lathunthu yonena moyo wa mmisiri. Nthawi zina iwo akhoza kundiuza kuposa buku lina lililonse.

Woyamba kudziona chithunzi cha wojambula chachikulu

Woyamba kudziona chithunzi Albrehta Dyurera unakhazikitsidwa mu 1484. Ndiye chithunzicho zaka khumi ndi zitatu zokha, koma ankadziwa momwe molondola amamasulira kufanana ndi mwangwiro katswiri pini siliva. Choyamba anatenga achinyamata Albrecht, ndi contours a nkhope yanu. chida ichi masamba primed pepala siliva njira. M'kupita kwa nthawi, izo zifika bulauni. Pukutani ndi pepala popanda kuwononga nthaka, ndi zosatheka. Satini Albrecht Komabe, anajambula chithunzi cha iye, chirengedwe chimene chingasokoneze mavuto ngakhale yake wojambula pa nthawi imeneyo.

chithunzi amayang'ana wamng'ono Dürer ndi woganiza nthawi yomweyo anasiyiratu. inalengeza m'maso mwake chisoni ndiponso khama. Dzanja manja akusonyeza chikhumbo wosadzayanjanika kukwaniritsa cholinga chake - kukhala mbuye wamkulu wa luso lake. Bambo Albrecht adawona mwana wake ntchito. Woyamba kudziona chithunzi ndi Dürer nakantha jeweler luso. Bambo anga nthawizonse ndinkafuna mwana wake anapita mapazi ake, koma anayamikira ntchito ya Albrecht, adamtumiza kukaphunzira ku situdiyo ya wojambula Michael Wohlgemuth. Kumeneko, achinyamata Dürer anaphunzira ndizosowa kupenta ndi chosema.

An oyambirira kudziona chithunzi cha nthenga

Akamaliza maphunziro, aliyense wojambula ndi kale nthawi adenda pa ulendo. Akupita, iye anali kuti akaphunzire ambuye kuchokera kumadera akutali. M'mphepete mwa msewu umenewu ndinapita ndi Albrecht Dürer. Self-chithunzi, zojambulidwa pa ulendo wake wopita ku Europe, zinachitikadi m'njira chosiyana. Izo zikusonyeza mphamvu ya wojambula achinyamata kuganizira pepala boma mkati mwa moyo wa munthu. Panthawi imeneyi, Durer ntchito cholembera, ndipo maganizo ake anali osiyana. Chithunzi "Self-Chithunzicho ndi bandeji" nkhope zonse za chisauko ndi Albrecht zenizeni ululu. Iwo ali ndi makwinya kuti apange fano mdima. Sizikudziwika chifukwa cha ululu, koma kuti iwo anali ndi malo kukhala, mopanda kukaika.

Self-chithunzi, 1493

Pakutha akungoyendayenda Albrecht anamupeza uthenga wa ukwati wake m'tsogolo. Kenako, m'zaka za m'ma XV, makolo adzasankha ana awo angapo. bambo Albrecht opezeka mkwatibwi ku banja chabwino Nürnberg. Against kukwatira Agnes Frey, chithunzicho wamng'ono kodi simusamala. Pali maganizo kuti anali pa nthawi ya mwambo umenewu ndipo analemba Durer "Self-chithunzi ndi nthula." M'masiku awo ankaona ponseponse kuti akazi tsogolo yodziwa mwachindunji pa ukwati, kotero wojambula wamng'ono anaganiza mphatso yapadera kwa mkazi wake.

Albrecht mu chithunzi cha zaka 22. Mnyamata anamuyang'anira mu mtunda maso ake. Iye ndi cholinga ndi woganiza. Albrecht maso pang'ono kutchetcha chifukwa chakuti ntchito pa chithunzi imene iye ankayendetsera, kuyang'ana pa yekha pa galasi. M'manja mwa wojambula atanyamula nthula. Iye anakhala nkhani ya kusamvetsetsana pakati pa admirers ya Durer.

Mkanganowu pa "Self-Chithunzicho ndi nthula"

Lofanana ndi liwu loti "nthula" m'chilankhulo cha German ndi männertreu, limene kwenikweni anamasuliridwa kuti "kukhulupirika wamwamuna". Zimenezi zikusonyeza bwino kuti kudziona chithunzi ankaufulula Agnes Frey. Komabe, otsutsa maganizo amenewa amanena kuti nthula - chizindikiro cha kukhudzika kwa Khristu, ndi zomera munga za Yesu ufa. Komanso, kudziona chithunzi Dürer analemba kuti: "Zondichitikira wa Wam'mwambamwamba." Komanso momveka bwino kuti kupenta - kumasonyeza kukhulupirika ndi kudzipereka kwa wojambula kwa Mulungu, osati mphatso kwa mkazi wake. Koma choonadi zodziwika kokha kwa iyemwini Durer.

Chitaliyana Yobu, 1498

ntchito yotsatira Albrecht ambuye mu mtundu wanyimbo wodzilamulira chithunzi kale Italy. chithunzicho wakhala anafuna kulowa dziko ndi timudziwe bwino mwambo wapadera kupenta Italy. Young mkazi ndi banja lake silinachirikize lingaliro la woyendayenda, koma mliri wa nthenda kuti agwidwa Nuremberg, anayenda aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino zotheka. Durer nakantha chipolowe owala mitundu ya mitunda Italy. Anasonyeza chikhalidwe cha nthawi zosaneneka chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva. Dürer anali woyamba malo zojambula mu mbiri ya luso. abwino wake anali tsopano chithunzi choyenera lolingana chikhalidwe ndi masamu. M'mlengalenga kulenga ya Italy anamuthandiza kuvomereza yekha monga wojambula nzeru. Ndipo izi zimaonekera kwathunthu mu Italy ake kudziona chithunzi.

Pa amaonetsera munthu wodzidalira amene anazindikira ntchito yake, ntchito mlengi ndi woganiza wokongola kachikhulupiriro. Choncho anayamba Dürer. Self, za amene amapereka limasonyeza kusintha anamuzindikira, anali mwa ntchito otchuka kwambiri chithunzicho. Dürer pa izo mwaulemu. kaimidwe yoongoka ndi maso ake anasonyeza chidaliro. Albrecht molemera ankavalira. tsitsi lake mosamala litapotanitsidwa imagwera pa mapewa ake. Ndipo chapansipansi mutha kuona kudzikonda chithunzi cha malo Italy - wangwiro kudzoza kwa chithunzicho.

The makhalidwe anayi

ntchito yotsatira Dürer kwathunthu zimanyezimiritsa khalidwe lake woganiza, komanso kufunafuna wodzilamulira chidziwitso. Self-chithunzi wodzipereka kwa chiphunzitso Greek za makhalidwe anayi. Malinga ndi izo, anthu anawagawa sanguine, choleric, melancholic ndi phlegmatic. The chosema "Amuna Bath" wojambula kwambiri ophatikizapo mtundu uliwonse makhalidwe mu payekha. Dürer kuziganizira yekha wozingwa. Iye adanena izi kamodzi wambwebwe osadziwika. Izo zikhoza kapadera kuti mu udindo umenewu, anagwidwa chosema lapansi. wojambula zotsatirazi yekha monga flutist ndi, kuchereza anzawo.

"Self-Chithunzicho mu chifaniziro cha Khristu", 1500

Dürer anabwerera ku Italy si wamanyazi kuphunzira ndi mbuye wa luso lake. Kunyumba, Albrecht analandira kwambiri malamulo, amene anamubweretsa iye kutchuka. ntchito Yake kale kunja kwa Nuremberg lakwawo, ndi wojambula yekha kuika ntchito tsiku ndi malonda. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali kulandira pa zaka latsopano, isanayambike zomwe zinali zodzaza ndi mapeto a dziko. Nacho nthawi zoyembezereka eschatological kukhudzanso pa Albrecht ambuye. Ndipo mu 1500 anadza ntchito wotchuka, amene analengedwa ndi Dürer - ". Self-chithunzi mu chifaniziro cha Khristu"

Iye akuonetsedwa yekha zonse nkhope, kuti anali wolimba mtima zosaneneka m'nthawi XVI. ZITHUNZI onse amene anali ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana: Anthu wamba nthawi zonse ankafotokozedwa theka anatembenuka, ndipo ndi Yesu yekha anali yekha. Dürer anali wojambula woyamba kuti asiye chiletso tacit. Kubaya maso, wavy tsitsi, wangwiro anapangira nkhope chimapangitsa izo zikuwoneka ngati Khristu. Ngakhale dzanja okhala pansi pa chinsalu cha, apangidwe mu manja lililonse la Atate Woyera. The mitundu pachithunzipa ndi osungidwa. Against maziko a wakuda, wofiira, woyera, ndi mithunzi ya bulauni chionekera nkhope ya chithunzicho. Atavala mikanjo nakonza ndi ubweya, mbuye Albrecht zinkaoneka kuti kudziyerekeza ndi Mlengi, amene amalenga burashi wodula ndi wapadera, zamatsenga ndi wapadera dziko.

achipembedzo kudziletsa zithunzi

Anasintha kudziletsa zithunzi ndi Dürer anali kutchulidwa chikhalidwe chachipembedzo. XVI atumwi anali odzaza ndi zodabwitsa zokhudzana ndi kuzindikira udindo wa Mulungu mu moyo wa munthu wamba. Athandiza funso limeneli wapanga Martin Luther, anayesa kupereka akamanena za chiphunzitso wachikhristu kwa anthu. A Durer analemba nyimbo ambiri azipembedzo. Ena mwa iwo ndi "phwando la mikanda" ndi "The chilemekezo cha Utatu Woyera." Iwo Dürer osati mwini, komanso ophunzira a kanthu zopatulika. Choncho analipira msonkho kwa kudzipereka kwa Mulungu.

Kwambiri moona kudziona chithunzi

apamaliro achipembedzo ndi imodzi mwa ntchito kwambiri maganizo ndi enigmatic wa wojambula - ". Self-maliseche" Albrecht Dürer utoto yekha m'chifanizo cha ophedwa Khristu. Za kuti kunena nkhope woonda, Haggard thupi kaimidwe, amatikumbutsa Yesu pa kukwapula lapansi. Ngakhale khola la khungu, akusonyeza wojambula pa ntchafu lamanja, akhale ndi ophiphiritsa. Panali munthu mabala awo Khristu.

Chithunzi kukhazikitsidwa cholembera ndi burashi pa pepala wobiriwira zosasonyeza mtundu wake weniweni. Nthawi yeniyeni chilengedwe cha kudziona chithunzi silikudziwika, koma zochokera m'badwo wa wojambula pa cithunzithunzi, tikhoza kuganiza kuti analemba mu khumi zoyambirira za m'ma XVI. Amadziwika kuti wolemba akugwirabe ntchito kunyumba ndi sankaimira kugulu. Palibe wojambula pamaso ndipo pambuyo pake sankaimira yekha kwathunthu amaliseche. Ozunguza mukamamasuka nawo ndi kuwauza wake zojambula Sitinganene kuti m'mabuku zoyenera luso.

Otsiriza kudziletsa zithunzi za Albrehta Dyurera

Anasintha kudziletsa zithunzi ndi Dürer ananeneratu imfa yake mwachangu. Mu Netherlands, anagundidwa ndi matenda achilendo, amene m'masiku amenewo palibe aliyense ankadziwa. Tsopano mbiri yakale zitha amanena kuti anali malungo. chithunzicho anali ndi mavuto ndi ndulu, chimene bwino anatchula kudziona chithunzi "Durer - odwala" ndi malo chikasu. Cithunzithunzi ici anatumizidwa kuti dokotala wake ndi analemba iye wachidule. Iwo anati malo amene amasonyeza malo chikasu, kuchititsa ululu. A chinyezimiro cha boma thupi la chithunzicho ndi kupitiriza kwa sanacokele ku zipembedzo zonama anali "Self-Chithunzicho m'chifanizo cha Khristu akuvutika." Durer za pa izo, wotopa ndi matenda osadziwika matenda zauzimu, chifukwa cha zomwe zinali mwina Kukonzanso ndi zochitika zokhudza.

Iye anamwalira posachedwapa kusiya ana zotsatira chachikulu munthawi yake. Self-zithunzi ndi Dürer, kusungidwa mu tambirimbiri wotchuka mu dziko, monga Louvre ku Paris ndi Prado ku Madrid, komabe Timasangalalanso ndi mphamvu zawo mumtima ndi kukongola pafupifupi lachinsinsi.