"The msewu wa moyo" kudutsa Nyanja Ladoga: mfundo mbiri

Kuzinga Leningrad unatenga masiku 872. Panthawi imeneyi njala apha anthu oposa miliyoni. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anapambana Nuremberg mayesero a Nazi ndi zigawenga lopondereza.

oimira Soviet kuti wadziweruza mkulu wa gululo kuti "North" wa asilikali German, chifukwa cha zimene anaphanso anthu ena wamba mu mzinda anazinga. Pa mlandu, General Von Leeb mlanduwo. Ngakhale Geneva Convention silinakwaniritsidwe mayina item limene analetsa ntchito njala monga pomenya nkhondo ndi anthu wamba.

Kupulumuka mu mzinda anazinga ngongole maonekedwe a motorway ( "Road a Moyo"), kupyolera Nyanja Ladoga. Iwo saloledwa kuti aswe anatseka misewu mphete chifukwa cha malo ake Hrs Leningrad sangathe kupulumuka popanda zoyendera chakudya.

Kutanthauza inali njira

Iye anagwira ntchito njira kwa yophukira 1941 ku kasupe 1943. Kusankhidwa anapanga chifukwa cha Leningrad anazinga (St. Petersburg) ndi dziko. Mwalamulo anawatcha msewu wa asilikali nambala 101.

Kuyambira September 1941, asilikali a Soviet ndi anthu wamba anali atazunguliridwa ndi asilikali a ku Germany ndi Chifinishi. mzinda sanali wokonzeka anatseka misewu ndi analibe katundu kofunika chakudya ndi mafuta. Kutumiza zonse muyenera kungakhale ndege kapena ntunda unango wa nyanza.

"The msewu wa moyo" kudutsa Nyanja Ladoga analoledwa kuchoka anthu mwina kupereka opulumuka ndi chakudya.

Kupita pa ayezi

Kuyambira mu October 1941, kafukufuku kumangira msewu kudutsa Nyanja Ladoga, iwo ataphimbidwa ndi ayezi m'nyengo yozizira. Pambuyo kuwerengetsera kuyambirira, yomanga inayamba mu November. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti m'lifupi msewu adzakhala mamita 10, kotero kuti makina angachititse imodzi malangizo onse. Lililonse makilomita 5-7 anamanga zinthu wapadera kwa magetsi.

Malangizo a msewu amasankhidwa zochokera kupezeka chosatha ayezi chivundikirocho. Iye anapirira katundu wolemera. Waukulu mode zoyendera anali GAZ-AA, amatchedwa "polutorka" anthu. Pofuna kupewa zolephera ayezi misa pakati pa makina anali kukhala kulekana osachepera mamita 100. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ntunda unango wa nyanza chinaikidwa njanji.

Anapezerapo "Moyo" (Leningrad) zinachitika pafupi ndi mzere kutsogolo, chofunika chitetezo kupereka mayunitsi asilikali. Achisanu gawo msewu ali mizere chitetezo awiri pogwiritsa ntchito chimango matabwa, mchenga umene promorazhivalis ayezi. Lililonse makilomita limodzi kapena awiri anaikidwa mfuti odana ndege, ndipo aliyense makilomita atatu - yaing'ono-likungosonyeza zida zankhondo mfuti. Kuyambira chitoliro mpweya kumbuyo Six Wankhondo Mapiko.

M'nyengo yozizira loyamba azingidwa pa "Road a Moyo" izo anasamutsidwa anthu oposa 500,000 nampereka pafupifupi 250 zikwi matani chakudya. Kwenikweni zinali ufa, mbewu, dzinthu, mankhwala nyama, mafuta, masamba, mtedza, zipatso zouma, vitamini C. Ntchito anapitiriza ayezi njira m'nyengo yozizira 1942-1943 chaka.

Kubweretsa madzi

Ndi kusungunuka kwa ayezi msewu kudutsa Nyanja Ladoga osati unatha. M'chaka cha 1942 anagwetsa kunyamula ayezi navigation pa madzi. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti ayezi anali akadali m'madera ena, ndi imeneyi pakati pa makontena ntunda unango wa nyanza anapanga kwa mwezi umodzi. Mu April, pa ayezi katundu akhala zosatheka ndi madzi Bwato akhoza kupita yekha ku mapeto a May.

utsogoleri dziko kunali koyenera kuti agwire ntchito zobwezeretsa zipangizo zowonongeka. Ntchito, panalibe oposa 15 mabwato. Tinaganiza kumanga mabwato mu malo. A nsanja ntchitoyo zamkati ndi pepala mphero mu Syasstroy. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Leningrad anayamba kumanga ziwiya zitsulo amene amadutsa khamu komaliza njanji.

Protection njira chinkhoswe antiaircraft zida zankhondo magawano, regiments zigwa-owononga. Iwo anali kulimbana ndi mphamvu za zombo German-Chifinishi Chitaliyana.

Pa 1942 madzi anasamutsidwa 400 zikwi anthu, anakamba chakudya matani 350 zikwi. Mu mzinda wa asilikali 290.000 unaperekedwa. Kuwonjezera mankhwala ndi malonda mafuta mu mzinda anabweretsa ng'ombe ndi mahatchi.

Kuyambira April 1943 anapitiriza mayendedwe ntunda unango wa nyanza. Ngakhale nambala yawo utachepa monga mbali yaikulu ya katundu kale amadutsa pa sitima, yomwe inayamba mu 1942.

Icho chinali "Road a Moyo" (Leningrad) limodzi?

The njanji boma amati ndi njira Kokoreva Kobona m'nyanjamo. ulusi izi amanena kuti mzinda waukulu kwa dziko. Mfundozi angapezeke mu mabuku ndi ulendo alendo. Komabe, pali deta imene "Road a Moyo" kudutsa Nyanja Ladoga anatenga njira zosiyanasiyana. The kuli mizere ena zoyendera kusonyeza zambiri zoona.

Atsogoleri mu kuwerengetsera

Umboni kuli misewu angapo ndi kuwerengetsera yosavuta. Chotero woyamba blockades msewu yozizira ntchito masiku 150. Iwo anali mwalamulo anajambulitsa za 350 zikwi matani katundu. Iwo likukhalira kuti tsiku lina mu Leningrad anapulumutsa matani 2,400.

Katundu "lorry" mu thupi zimene akhoza yodzaza ndi matani theka. theka lina tani akhoza angagwirizanitse kwa sled lapansi. Kuti ndi munthu ndege othodwa ndi makina mphamvu akhoza kumasulira matani awiri. Tsiku lililonse panjira anawoloka 1,200 kwathunthu yodzaza "polutorok". Komabe, iwo anali kusamukira ku malangizo onse.

Ice sanathe kulimbana ndi kukana zimenezi. The kwambiri chifukwa kuwonjezera pa magalimoto pa msewu ikuthamanga ndi mabasi kuti unatengedwa pa izi masiku 150, pafupifupi hafu miliyoni wamba. Komanso pa Ladoga kusamutsidwa akasinja, amene anawomberedwa nsanja chida kuti magawowa kuwonda. Nkomwe anatseka misewu "Road a Moyo" kuti kupirira katundu, koposa kuti ayezi zinthu monga njira.

Mwambi olowa galimoto

Pa zoyendera ayezi anatenga pafupifupi zikwi magalimoto. Ambiri mwa iwo tsopano pa madzi. Pamene madzi mu nyanja makamaka bwino, ndege zowoneka analanda maphunziro a lorries. Iwo si nthawi zonse pa njira yovomerezeka ya njanji. Ena mwa iwo zili mazana makilomita kutali ndi odziwika kwa anthu onse "Road a Moyo".

Pali zikalata imene zikuonekeratu kuti ena madalaivala anasiya njira kuti ndalama pa mayendedwe ndi kutsanulira ena katundu. Komabe, Zikatero sanali ambiri, ndi magalimoto, kumizidwa kuchokera msewu, panali mazana ambiri. Chotero funso la ngati Leningrad Nyanja Ladoga ndiponso mogwirizana ndi njira imodzi, m'malo maganizo.

Chifukwa kuli maulendo angapo

Official Road ( "Moyo" kudutsa Nyanja Ladoga) № ndithu 101 Kokoreva -Kobona zinakhala ntchito. Komabe, kuwerengetsera ndi malo olowa galimoto zambiri kuti iye sakanakhoza kukhala yekha.

Onse mapu ndi zikalata ngati akhala wachinsinsi ndi kusungidwa mu yachokera wapadera. Mwina mobisa ndi chifukwa kukhumba kuti awulule njira zonse mwambo nkhondo ina.

Chifukwa chomwe chingathe kukhala mayendedwe zingapo:

• Kuopsa kwa ndege German. Chapamwamba kwambiri, mphamvu German mpweya anali wosatsutsika yozizira ya 1941. Kusonyeza njira ntunda unango wa nyanza, dziko la Germany zonse mabomba izo. Kuchepetsa imfa ya mabomba, kusintha njira kunali koyenera. Mizere yoyamba anaikidwa pafupi kugombe la nyanja, koma wamphamvu mu ayezi, njira zinachitikadi pafupi ndi pakati.

• Ayezi sanali kukhala ndi katundu nthawi zonse. Pakuona zaka amenewa akusonyeza kuti msewu Panadutsa magalimoto 60-70 yekha. Komanso, ayezi akuyamba osokoneza panapita nthawi kuchira. Choncho, gululi anali kusamukira ku njira yatsopano. Leningrad tikanatha sangathe kupeza kuti kuchuluka kwa katundu.

Kupanga njanji

Ndi yaikulu yonyamula katundu kayendedwe boma akhoza kusamalira sitima yekha. Ndi 1942, pa gombe la kum'mawa la nyanja agulidwa pa mzere. N'zotheka kuwonjezera katundu. Ndiyamika onse a anatseka misewu ya Leningrad njira izi wakhala pang'ono kuchotsedwa.

Kukumbukira anatseka misewu ong'ambika

Masauzande anthu zaloŵerera kukhalabe thanzi la ayezi chivundikirocho. Iwo ankakhala pa ayezi, nadzaza ming'alu chifukwa, kumanga adzikometsa matabwa. Chintchito anthu awa, komanso madalaivala okha, n'zovuta amanena chinthu chenicheni. Mtengo wa miyoyo ya ambiri mwa iwo, anatseka misewu adapachikidwa. Nyanja Ladoga anali zokolola, omwe analola kuti aswe mphete imfa kwa anthu wamba ambiri osalakwa.

Pamodzi ndi gawo onshore ku Leningrad kwa Ladoga ndi zipilala kuti anadzipereka kwa "Road a Moyo". Onsewo ali gawo la chikumbutso cha "Green lamba wa Ulemerero" chimene chimafika makilomita ambiri. Chikumbutso tichipeza zipilala zisanu ndi ziwiri, mwambo zipilala 46 mumsewu, 56 mizati ndi njanji.

Manda ambiri losaiwalika ndi 40 ndi 103 msewu Km. Woyamba ndi chikumbutso "Aparted mphete" (wamanga Filippov VG) amene akuimira kusiyana wozingidwa ndi nkhondo mphete anapanga German mphamvu Chifinishi pa Leningrad ku yophukira 1941 chaka. 103 Km ndi chipilala "lodziwika bwino lorry" (wamanga Levenkov AD). Iye moonekeratu kuti makina amene amapita, kuswa ayezi.