Mtendere Gulistan anapangidwa?

Mbiri ya Caucasus wolemera zochitika zodabwitsa ndi kusokonekera chifukwa Arab-aku Iran thambo cholinga chimene anali kulanda moumiriza madera a dera lalikulu. Mapeto chizindikiro kusaina mtendere Gulistan - pangano anamaliza pakati pa boma la Russia ndi Persia (Iran) mu 1813. Iye anakhazikitsa nthawi watsopano mu moyo wa anthu Caucasus, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri kuwalanditsa ku encroachments oyandikana aukali.

Russian achitetezo pa Terek

Kuti limvetse mokwanila kufunika kuti dziko Gulistan (1813), ayenera kukhala kuti tifufuza mbiriyakale ndi vuto la incursions aku Iran ndi Turkey mu dera la Caucasus. Chiyambi cha izo anaikidwa kumbuyo mu XVI atumwi, pamene Russia, pambuyo acceding kuti Astrakhan ndi Kazan Khanate, anamaliza ndondomeko ya mapangidwe boma centralized.

Ngakhale mavuto onse a nthawi imeneyo, mu 1567, Tsar Ivan m'khutu anapeza mpata kumanga pa Terek m'malinga angapo, mipiringidzo njira Turkey ndi Persian adani. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano pakati Russia ndi anthu a Caucasus, mmodzi wa kulumikizana imene yolembedwa ndi zaka ziwiri ndi theka, Gulistan dziko.

Pakadali pano, ntchito yomanga mpanda wolimba pa Terek Mtsinje wayambitsa mavuto kuti zayamba timakhala pakati pa Russia, Iran makamaka Turkey, amene akukonza kufalitsa kukula kwa gawo lonse la North Caucasus. Russia, nayenso, anali chidwi zolimbitsira ake m'dera lino pamalo abwino ofunika, ndipo mobwerezabwereza anasonyeza nagonjetsa a asilikali Ottoman.

Mungachitepo woyandikana nyumba ndi kumpoto

Mu kudza ndiye XVIII atumwi, maganizo kwambiri kunakulirakulira kukhala zotsatira za mpikisano amphamvu pakati Iran ndi Turkey, kuyesera mwa onse kupambana pa khans m'deralo kuti akhale patsogolo.

Izi zikachitika, anthu ambiri a Caucasus, makamaka Dagestani anali ovuta kwambiri, ndipo iwo mobwerezabwereza pa XVIII ndi XIX m'ma womutsata, akatulukire kwa boma la Russia akuwathandiza awo. Mtsogolo, ichi chinali chinthu chimene yosainidwa Gulustan mtendere.

Chilakolako cha olamulira Caucasus pansi ndodo ya Russian Tsars

Yachokera pa zofuna za anthu a Dagestan okha, woyambitsa wa Mafumu Romanov, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, patatha chaka chimodzi inalowa wake wachifumu anatenga pansi Russian ulamuliro Avar, erpelinskogo, Kazikumukh ndi kumykskogo khans pamodzi ndi antchito a m'madera awo.

Kenako, m'zaka za m'ma XVII, ndi khans ochepa zomwezo zimathandiza kuti lolimbikitsa zina za malo Russia mu Caucasus. olamulira onse omwe mwakufuna analowa Moscow pansi ndodo ya mfumu, anadzitengera pa iwo okha udindo kugwira kuteteza amalonda Russian, ndipo ndikhale asilikali zonse mwa muno awo. Phunziro kwa malamulo amenewa analandira kuchokera malipiro Zachuma, mwinamwake, inaletsedwa.

Turkey mokwiya pansi pa amati ndi nkhondo zachipembedzo

Kukhala Motero tidamkhazika mtendere Caucasus anasonyeza kuti sakhalitsa. Kale m'zaka za m'ma XVIII lotsatira anabweretsa kusagwirizana Turkey kupweteka kwambiri kanthu ake. Izi nthawi chifukwa cha kukula kwa zitsulo zilipo, malinga ndi mawu ake olamulira, mthunzi wa chiwerengero cha anthu Caucasus, makamaka okhala Dagestan, dera ku chilamulo Sharia. Kulengeza lopatulika jehadi ya nkhondo, Turkey unkatchedwa mokwiya lotseguka.

Ndipotu, chiyambi cha nkhondoyi yogwira chinachititsa Turkey anati mu nthawi ya chifooke Iran (Persia), amene wakhala zotsatira za mavuto yaitali chuma chikuyendera kumeneko. Chifukwa ndi zimene boma ankaona Istanbul monga mpikisano waukulu, nthawi ankaoneka yabwino kwambiri kwa Sultan kwa njira kwakukulu ndi mkangano malo.

mikangano m'zigawozo m'ma XVIII

Komabe, zolinga za lapamwamba Porte (kawirikawiri ankatchedwa Turkey) kupewedwa onse Russia chomwecho, lotsogoledwa ndi nthawi kuti Petro I. Popeza ikuchitika 1722. The Caspian kampeni ndi kusainira pangano mtendere ndi Perisiya, analowa Russian Ufumu Baku, Derbent, Rasht, komanso ambiri a zigawo, ankati ndi Turkey.

Pamenepo mfumu anatenga nzika angapo ena Dagestani ang'onoang'ono ambuye. Ngakhale ngakhale kuti Ottoman anatha kusakaza Armenia, Georgia, ndipo mbali yaikulu ya Azerbaijan, ndi Sultan anakakamizika kuzindikira ufulu wa Russia pa kupeza ake mu dera Caspian. Komabe, akaidi zamtendere mapangano sanathe kuuthetsa osaleka nkhondo, pom'ng'amba Caucasus mu m'ma XVIII.

Kusaina pangano mtendere ndi Turkey

Ngakhale kuti mu khumi zoyambirira za m'ma XIX lonse la Dagestan ndi kum'mawa kwa Georgia mwalamulo ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa tsars Russian, Turkey, ndi Iranians kuti anapita ntchito yawo kachiwiri, kufuna kuti agwiritse ntchito mavuto amene ali ndi luso pa nthawi imeneyo Russia.

Komabe, ngakhale kuti, nthumwi za mgwirizano wa mayiko Corps a Alexander I mu 1812, anazindikira kuti ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman mtendere pangano zikuthera Chirasha Turkey nkhondo, zimene inatenga zaka zisanu zapitazi. Kusaina chikalata ichi pa nthawi yokakamiza Turkey kusiya yogwira mu Caucasus. Zinali kuti muthetse onse ndi Persia (Iran), ndipo mlandu posachedwa anapereka.

Pangano, yolembedwa mu Gulistan

Chaka chotsatira, chimene chinafika pa nyengo ya zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, otsiriza Chirasha Persian nkhondo, imene Aperisi anagonjetsedwa, ndi akulu awo, wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, kupulumuka adani. Zotsatira mofanana oipa a nkhondo nkhongono anthu dziko ndi osankhika akulamulira.

Chifukwa, oimira Russian anatha zinthu yabwino kwa Moscow kusaina Gulistan Mtendere (1813). Russia ndi Iran ndi anasaina chikalata ichi pa September 12 pa m'mudzi waung'ono Gulistan Karabakh, amene adandipatsa izo dzina motero anapita mu mbiri.

Paudindo mkhalapakati pa zokambirana lidalengedwa ndi British nthumwi Sir nyanga Owsley. Kumbali Russian wa Gulistan mtendere, mawu a omwe akhazikitsidwa mu nkhani 11, zinasaina mkulu-General N. Rtishchev ndi Persian - Abul-Hassan Khan.

Ntchito zambiri anali moni ndi chisangalalo mwa anthu onse a Caucasus. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, popeza otsogola pa Nkhondo kwambiri kuchichepetsa chuma chawo, kumene achire komanso zinathandiza kuti Gulistan Mtendere. Mwachidule akamanena ake monga zotheka poganizira zinthu zofunika uli m'bukuli.

Kodi anatenga pangano ndi Perisiya

Choyamba, izo anaitana kutha kwa Nkhondo mwagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtendere pakati Russia ndi Persia. Komanso, bukuli ikuti bwino malire kulekanitsa awiri poyamba chikumenyana maphwando, ndi kutchulidwa anachoka ku dera la Russian Ufumu, zimene zinaphatikizapo Abkhazia, Imereti, Kakheti, Dagestan, dera Guria, Samegrelo, Kartli, komanso mbali yaikulu ya Azerbaijan ano. Poyankha, Russia ndi kusainira Gulistan dziko linavomereza kuti athandize mabuku ku Persia.

Komanso, pangano lili pa ufulu wa gulu lililonse tiwolokere momasuka nyanja Caspian ndi kuwombola akaidi analanda pankhondo lomaliza. M'munda ubale zina za mgwirizano wa mayiko pa Russia ndi Persian statehood akazembe ndi atumiki anali zodziwika bwino.

Kukhazikitsa lamulo m'munda wa malonda

Wa nkhani khumi panganolo anali malamulo atatu a malonda pakati pa maiko awiri m'gulu Pangano la Gulistan. Terms of pangano kupereka ufulu wa amalonda malonda mbali zonse pa madera onse. Komanso, tili ndi mtima kuchuluka kwa malipiro umene ndiponso kuganizira zokhudza malonda vnetamozhennoy.

Ngakhale kuti dziko la Gulistan molondola ndi bwino anakhazikitsa malamulo malamulo amalola kuyembekezera kuwonjezeka othamanga mu malonda zolowa pakati limati awiri zoona, ndipo yafika akuchedwa yaitali, chifukwa adali malamulo kuchedwa.

Vuto la nduna Russian miyambo Astrakhan ndi Baku zambiri pa zaka zisanu zikubwerazi wapatsidwa amalipiritsa Kwalamulidwa kale atha nthawi yake "prohibitive tariffs 1755" ndipo akusonyeza malipiro 23% ya mtengo wa katundu.

Pomaliza kufufuza Gulistan Pangano

zinthu dekhetsa pokhapo inali yololedwa promulgated Gulistan Mtendere mu 1815. Makhalidwe, mwachidule yotchulidwa magawo a m'mbuyomu a m'nkhaniyi, kulenga yodalirika kukhazikitsidwa kwa mwamtendere, amene pamapeto pake zinachititsa kuti anasinthira dera malonda. Chifukwa, anapata chuma lonse.

Ngakhale kuti mtendere Gulistan anapangidwa makamaka cholinga normalization ubale pakati Russia ndi Perisiya, ndipo iye anali ndi mavuto - zabwino ndi zoipa. Pa dzanja limodzi, analanditsa anthu a Transcaucasia ku nkhondo Persian, komanso ankhondowo Turkey, chinathandiza kuwonongedwa kwa zaka zambiri kugawikana ang'onoang'ono ndi kuwuka kwa chuma, motero muyezo wa amoyo ro. Koma Komano, chifukwa rapprochement awo a ku Russia ndi Caucasians zimachititsa mikangano pakati pawo malo mitundu ndi zipembedzo.

A nkhondo yatsopano ndi wina pangano mtendere

Komanso, dziko chakhazikika chifukwa cha mapeto a pangano Gulustan anali osalimba. Kale mu 1826, Persia, anachita kutumidwa ndi United Kingdom, chophwanya mgwilizano anafika pamaso inayamba latsopano Chirasha Persian nkhondo imene inatenga zaka ziwiri ndipo idatha kugonjetsedwa wina wake.

Pamene mfuti panangoti zii, ndi kanthu wadutsa kuchokera ku usilikali kwa akazembe, anali zinasaina pangano mtendere, ikutchedwa Turkmenchay. Malinga ndi nkhani yake, Russia akuzisunga m'madera onse ceded kuti izo chifukwa cha walemba zaka khumi ndi zitatu zapitazo Gulistan pangano. Komanso, analandira akuwayang'anira ake Nakhichevan ndi Erivan khanate, komanso m'dera la kummawa Armenia. Amadziwika kuti chitukuko cha mfundo za mgwirizano nawo wotchuka Russian ndakatulo, Wolemba wina ndi nthumwi dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov.