Numismatics sayansi - ndichiyani? Numismatics ku Russia

Kusankha numismatics ngati chizolowezi chidwi zambiri akufotokozera pa malonda a moyo. Izi ndi zosangalatsa komanso zochititsa chidwi kuchita, zimene zimathandiza inu kusonkhanitsa zosemasema ndi kuphunzira mbiri ya aliyense bokosilo.

Science za chitukuko cha ndalama

Numismatics kuphunzira ndalama zinthu, amene pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe osiyana ndi phindu. Phindu la ndalama monga umboni m'mbiri kuzindikiridwa Kale, koma chitukuko mwadongosolo kuphunzira ndalama linayamba m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mochedwa. Austria wansembe Joseph Hilariusom Eckel linalembedwa ntchito Doctrina Numorum Veterum (chiphunzitso cha akale) m'mavoliyumu asanu ndi atatu (Vienna, 1793-1799), amene akufuna kuthetsa ndalama zonse zakale Greek ndi Roman Ndalama anapangidwa. Patapita nthawi ntchito Eckel kukonzedwa ndi ofufuza ena.

Izi linapereka kwa chodabwitsa sayansi numismatics. Kodi kuphunzira Numismatic zosonkhanitsira kwambiri, lotchedwa mu Europe. systematization a chidziwitso, panali Catalogs unayambitsidwa. Ku Austria ku mayiko ena analowa numismatics monga sayansi ku mayunivesite otchuka kuyang'aniridwa ndi mbiri yakale odziwa ndi ofukula. Mu 1850s mochedwa anatuluka anthu yakale yoyendera ndi specialization "kuphunzira ndalama."

Kodi kukhala numismatist

Kudziwa ndi chida chachikulu kutolera ndalama. Pamodzi ndi iwo amabwera chilakolako mozama za ndalama mu dziko. Aliyense akhoza kukhala numismatist ndi kuchita chizolowezi kutipindulitsa. Numismatics - sayansi kuti amaphunzira momwe ndalama zayambika m'zaka. Wogwiritsa chinthu chochititsa chidwi chino kuchita ndi kungoyamba kuphunzira njira ya kutolera ndalama. Pali magulu osiyanasiyana ndi mayanjano kumene mukhoza kulowa. Koma si koyenera chifukwa kuti linkadzitenga ndi numismatist. Mukadziwa anasankha kuphunzira ndi kusonkhanitsa ndalama, choyamba muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti unawasonkhanitsa sudzakhalanso wangwiro.

chidwi chizolowezi

Yambani chizolowezi wanu watsopano, kuwerenga za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndalama, kuphunzira mbiri yawo.

• Phunzirani za zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe ndalama amapangidwira.
• Phunzirani zimayambitsa ndi zinthu za phindu. Ndi kudzikundikira chidziwitso pa mbiriyakale, mukhoza kuona kuti phindu la ndalama yakale si nthawi zonse amadalira amakedzana ake.
• Onani tsiku la kupanga chilichonse ndalama, ndipo mudziwe zambiri pa m'chipani chake.
• Ngati tsiku chatha kutali, mlingo wa m'chipani cha ndalama anatsimikiza ndi chithunzi awalemba.
• Kumbukirani kuti ndalama kuyeretsa akhoza kuchepetsa ndalama zake.
• Bwino zimene "remake" mu numismatics? Mwachindunji numismatists anapangidwa kwa ndalama ndi akumaliza osiyana amene khalidwe la nyengo zosiyanasiyana. mankhwala ngati amenewa remakes. Nthawi zina mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito yabodza.
• Anapitiriza kuphunzira za mbiri ndi tanthauzo la ndalama.

Kodi Ndalama

Choyamba muyenera kukhala kumvetsa tanthauzo la mawu akuti "ndalama". Izi chidutswa cha chitsulo kapena zinthu zina chizindikiro kalata, amene amasankha chipembedzo. deta zonsezi anatsimikiza ndi mabukhu omwe wosindikiza ulamuliro wamkulu kuti apereke ndalama. The odziwika thupi khalidwe la ndalama ndi nkhani imene linafalitsidwa - ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse, mpaka pano, zitsulo. Kale ngakhale ntchito nkhuni, fupa. Akanasankhidwa zitsulo Ndalama ayenera kukhala kuchuluka zokwanira kupereka feedstock mints. Kusankha zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Mu China, kusankha woyamba wa zitsulo anagwa pa mkuwa India - Silver, m'mayiko ambiri ntchito golide ndi siliva aloyi (lide) kapena siliva. Childs, pofotokoza za ntchito ndalamazi English mawu, koma akalozera muyezo pafupifupi konsekonse ntchito achidule, amene anachokera ku Latin. Mwachitsanzo, AV (Aurum) - ndi golide, AR (Argentum) - siliva, AE (AES) - mkuwa ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake. Ndalama chopangidwa ndi luso pruff, makamaka chidwi kwa ndalama. ndi umboni mu numismatics chiyani? Pa yosalala kwathunthu wonyezimira zonyezimila ndalama bokosi wapangidwa ndi zosiyana mtundu Mat nthano. Zolemba imakonzedwa pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino bwino kumunda, ndipo nthawi zambiri limafotokoza za kupukuta zakuthupi. Pa kupanga ndalama amapangidwa ndi zikwapu awiri kapena kuposa. Okhometsa kusamalirana zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho ngati kusunga kudzawala ndi afiira.

Kodi ndalama wakale

Aliyense ndalama wakale linapangidwa ndi dzanja. zitsulo, kuti izo mkuwa, siliva kapena golide anazitsanulira mwa zisamere pachakudya kubala flan - akusowekapo. Iwo utakhazikika pansipa mfundo limatsogolera wa mkangano ndi kuikidwa mu masanjidwewo a. Chifaniziro cha posamutsa ndalama wotchedwa zambiri. The zambiri chachiwiri mu mawonekedwe a fano wakhala anakhomerera tsidya lina la workpiece lapansi. The mawerengetsedwe analaswa pamanja ndi lopangidwa ndi awiri mbali. Engravers anali m'zipembedzo zosiyana, kotero mtundu womwewo wa ndalama akhoza kukhala stylistic kusiyana kwa ndalama zina za mndandanda. Mayina a ndalama nthawi zambiri zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha dzina la wolamulira kapena njira ndalama kupanga. Pa funso la "khobiri" udindo, numismatics akukhulupirira kuti dzinalo linachokera kwa fano pa obverse wa St. Georgiya Pobedonostsa ndi mkondo, ndipo kenako panali wokwera ophweka, komanso ndi mkondo. Amakhulupirira kuti ndalama yachitsulo yaing'ono yotchuka osinthidwa mu ulemu wa mkondo.

Kodi polongosola ndalama mu mndandanda

Kale, njira yofala popanga ndalama anali kuthamangitsa munthu mwachindunji kulemera kwa ndalama kuchokera aloyi makamaka wotchedwa phindu mwadzina. Numismatics amakhulupirira kuti tikayerekezera ndi kulemera kwa wina angapo akhoza kudziwa ndalama muyezo, chomwe chingathe kukhala yofunika kwa mbiri kapena Attribution mankhwala ena. Gofu - malo padziko la ndalama padziko zolemba, amene amatipatsa mkhalidwe. Nthawi ogaŵikana lamanzere ndi lamanja. Mbali ina ya dzina yake. Ndi liwu lomwe inayambira Chigiriki la mawu akuti "wakale" ndi "ergon" ndi njira za thupi timbewu lapansi. Pali nthano kwa m'ndandanda wa. Mawu akuti zichokela ku Latin mitundu akuti "LEGO" kutanthauza "werengani". Limafotokoza zili ndalama. nthano zingasonyeze ulamuliro opereka kuti timbewu tonunkhira, ndi timbewu chizindikiro, fotokozani zolemba ndi zithunzi. Lettering ndi zizindikiro mwina anazungulira kapena amalemba chifanizo ndi kupitiriza magazi. Akuti numismatics, kuti kuwonjezera otchedwa makhalidwe ndi adjuncts.

Kodi kudziwa terminology

ndalama wakale zinapezedwa okhometsa kwa zaka zambiri. Wautali kuposa eni panopa chuma. Ambiri ndalama zakale msika amagulitsidwa kwa okhometsa olandira okhometsa ena.

Umunthu kapena kampira otchedwa kuwonjezapo kwa fano mu mawonekedwe a nkhata kapena korona, ndodo kapena Palm, draperies, zipewa, ulusi, cornucopia, mpira, mkondo. Gwirizanani ndi zambiri pa munda kapena pa bokosiyo. Pofotokoza mndandanda chithunzi kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja pambuyo malongosoledwe a chithunzi chapakati. Kufunika kuzindikira terminology numismatics kuti m'pofunika kugawa mawu obverse ndi chigamulocho, kapena "mitu" ndi "michira" kutsogolo ndi mobwerera kwa ndalama kumathandiza kuti pofotokoza zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho. Palibe awiriawiri izi alibe poyerekezera ndi njira kupanga ndalama. Nkofunika kudziwa zimene amaonetsa patsogolo pa masanjidwewo ndi mbali zake iwowo. Mbiri ya chiyambi cha ndalama ndi amene anali patsogolo, mwina ofunika kwambiri kuposa zosonkhanitsira yokha. Makamaka ngati zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho anachokera wokhometsa odziwika bwino kapena yobetcherana.

Kodi ndi zinthu ziti ntchito zopereka za

Ambiri ndalama wakale m'gawo onse olamulidwa ndi zipilala za zofukula m'mabwinja. Numismatics Russia, ambiri a iwo anasonyeza kusonkhanitsa owonetsera zakale. ndalama wakale, amene kupereka pa msika lero, apezeka, makamaka chuma gulu. Izi zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho amene anasowa kapena m'manda akale anapezeka ndi Amateurs ndi zitsulo pafupi malo ofukula zinthu zakale. Kale, kunalibe mabanki. Poona ngozi, eni chuma chabe kuzikwirira izo mu nthaka. Mayiko ena amaletsa kufunafuna ndalama wakale wa chowunikira zitsulo. Ena limati ndi malamulo amalola chopeza chuma kusunga kapena kugulitsa zina, kapena zonse zimene iwo ali, ndi ichi ndiye gwero la zinthu zakale pa msika lero.