Makoma a mafumu amtendere. Mbiri ya Middle Ages

Nyumba zachifumu za ambuye amachititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ziri zovuta kukhulupirira kuti muzipangidwe zina zowonjezerazi moyo unali kuchitika: anthu adakonza moyo, analerera ana, amasamalira nkhani zawo. Nyumba zambiri za mafumu a ku Middle Ages zimatetezedwa ndi zigawo zomwe zili, popeza momwe amachitira ndi zomangamanga ndizosiyana. Komabe, zipangizo zonsezi zili ndi zizolowezi zambiri, chifukwa ntchito zawo zinali zofanana ndipo zimachokera ku moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha boma cha mbuye wawo.

Olamulira a Feudal: iwo ndi ndani

Asanalankhule za momwe nyumbayi inkawonekera ngati mbuye, tiyeni tione mtundu wa kalasi womwe unali pakati pa anthu apakatikati. Mayiko a ku Ulaya anali amtendere, koma mfumuyo, itaima pampando wamphamvu, inali yochepa kwambiri. Mphamvuyo inkayikidwa m'manja mwa otchedwa okalamba - anali ambuye ambuye. Ndipo mkati mwa dongosolo ili palinso kukhala olamulira, omwe amati otchuka . Pamunsi pake pambaliyi pankaima magetsi. Olamulira amtendere, omwe ali otsika kwambiri, amatchedwa ochirikiza, ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa vassal ndi senor unasungidwira pa masitepe oyandikana nawo.

Mtsogoleri aliyense anali ndi gawo lake lomwe, pomwe padali ndi mpando wa mbuye wamatsenga, kufotokozera komwe tidzakupatsani pansipa. Pano pano ankakhala pansi (abusa) ndi alimi. Kotero, izo zinali zachilendo mu boma. Ndichifukwa chake ku Middle East kunalibe vuto lotchedwa kugawanika, zomwe zinafooketsa maiko.

Ubale pakati pa mafumu olamulira sanali abwino nthawi zonse-oyandikana nawo, nthawi zambiri ankakhala udani pakati pawo, kuyesa kugonjetsa madera. Kukhala ndi mbuye wamunthu kunali kolimbikitsidwa komanso kutetezedwa ku nkhondo. Kwenikweni, ntchito zake zidzalingaliridwa mu gawo lotsatira.

Zofunikira kwambiri za loko

Tanthauzo lenileni la "nyumba yachinyumba" limatanthawuza zomangamanga zomwe zimaphatikizapo ntchito zachuma ndi chitetezo.

Kuchokera pa ichi, nyumba ya mfumu yamtendere ku Middle Ages inachita ntchito zotsatirazi:

1. Asilikali. Kapangidwe kake sikangokhala kuteteza anthu (mwini mwiniyo ndi banja lake), komanso antchito, ogwira nawo ntchito, ogwira ntchito. Kuwonjezera apo, kunali apa komwe likulu la ntchito za usilikali linaima.

2. Utsogoleri. Nyumba zazikulu za mafumu amtendere anali malo oyambirira, kuchokera kumene dziko linkaperekedwa.

3. Ndale. Nkhani za boma zinathetsedwanso pokhala ndi malo osungirako zinthu, choncho ntchito zinawapatsidwa kwa oyang'anira pansi.

4. Chikhalidwe. Mlengalenga yomwe inkalamulira mu nyumbayi inalola kuti maphunzirowo adziwitse zatsopano za mafashoni - kaya zovala, zojambulajambula kapena nyimbo. Pankhani imeneyi, olamulirawo akhala akutsogoleredwa ndi mbuye wawo.

5. Zamalonda. Nyumbayi inali malo a alimi ndi amisiri. Izi zinkakhudza nkhani zonse za utsogoleri ndi malonda.

Zidzakhala zolakwika kufanizitsa nyumba ya mbuye wamatsenga, omwe tafotokozera zomwe tafotokoza m'nkhani ino, ndi malo otetezeka. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Nkhondoyi idapangidwa kuti iteteze osati mwini yekha, komanso onse okhalamo, pamene nyumbayi inali nyumba yokhazikika yokhayokha, mbuye wake komanso abwenzi ake apamtima.

Nkhonoyo ndi kulimbikitsa malo ena, ndipo nyumbayi ndi chitetezo chokhazikitsidwa ndi zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito, kumene chinthu chilichonse chimapanga ntchito.

Zotsatizana zazinyumba zamakono

Zoyamba za mtundu uwu zinkaonekera ku Asuri, ndiye mwambo umenewu unavomerezedwa ndi Roma wakale. Akuluakulu a ku Ulaya - makamaka Great Britain, France ndi Spain - ayamba kumanga nyumba zawo. Kawirikawiri zinali zotheka kuwona zochitika zotero ku Palestina, chifukwa ndiye, m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi ziŵiri za nkhondo, nkhondo zapakati pa nkhondo zinagwedezeka, motero, malo ogonjetsedwa amayenera kusungidwa ndi kutetezedwa mwa kukhazikitsa malo apadera.

Chizoloŵezi cha kumanga nyumbayi chimatheratu pamodzi ndi kugawikana kwapachiyambi, pamene mayiko a ku Ulaya akukhala pakati. Inde, tsopano n'zotheka kuti musamachite mantha ndi mzako yemwe adagonjetsa wina.

Chofunika, chitetezo, kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono kumapereka njira yokondweretsa.

Kutanthauzira kwakunja

Tisanayambe kumanganso maziko, tiyeni tione momwe nyumba yachifumuyi inkaonekera mu Middle Ages. Chinthu choyamba chimene ndinagwira diso langa chinali msuzi umene uli pafupi ndi gawo lonse limene linalipo kwambiri. Kenaka panadza khoma lokhala ndi zing'onozing'ono zowononga adaniwo.

M'nyumbayi anatsogolera khomo limodzi lokha - mlatho wokweza, ndiye - kabati yachitsulo. Pamwamba pa nyumba zina zonse zidagonjetsa nsanja yaikulu, kapena ndende. M'bwalo kutsogolo kwa chipatacho mudali ndi zowonongeka zofunika: masewera, smithy ndi mphero.

Izi ziyenera kunenedwa kuti malo a nyumbayi anasankhidwa mosamala, ayenera kukhala phiri, phiri kapena phiri. Chabwino, ngati mungasankhe gawo limene mbali imodzi munali dambo lachilengedwe - mtsinje kapena nyanja. Ambiri amadziwa momwe zinyama zofanana ndi zinyama (chithunzi chapafupi) zakhala zikudziwika chifukwa chazovuta.

Hill for the castle

Tiyeni tiyang'ane mbali zamakono za dongosololi mwatsatanetsatane. Chilumba cha nsanjayo chinali phiri la mawonekedwe abwino. Monga lamulo, pamwambapo panalipakati. Kutalika kwa phirili kunali kuyambira mamita asanu mpaka khumi, panali zinyumba pamwambapa.

Kusamalidwa kwakukulu kunaperekedwa kwa mtundu umene mlatho wa mlathowo unapangidwira. Monga lamulo, dothi linagwiritsidwanso ntchito, komanso peat, miyala ya miyala yamwala. Iwo anatenga nkhaniyo kuchokera mu dzenje lomwe linali kukumba kuzungulira phirilo pofuna chitetezo chachikulu.

Panalinso mapulaneti ambiri otchuka pamapiri a phirilo, opangidwa ndi timatabwa kapena matabwa. Panalinso makwerero.

Lembani

Pofuna kuchepetsa kutsogolo kwa mdani wamkulu kwa kanthawi, komanso kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kunyamula zida zowonongeka, dzenje lakuya ndi madzi linali lofunikira, kutsetsereka pa phiri limene mitengoyi inalipo. Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa momwe dongosolo ili likugwirira ntchito.

Zinali zofunikira kudzaza dzenje ndi madzi - izi zinatsimikizira kuti mdani sadzasokoneza malo ake. Madzi amapezeka kawirikawiri kuchokera ku madzi achilengedwe omwe ali pafupi. Dothilo lidayenera kutsukidwa nthawi zonse zowonongeka, pokhapokha zitatha kusungunuka ndipo sizikanatha kugwira ntchito zake zoteteza.

Ndiponso, panali milandu pamene zipika kapena matabwa zinakhazikitsidwa pansi, zomwe zinalepheretsa kuwoloka. Kwa mwiniwake wa nyumbayi, banja lake, anthu ake ndi alendo, adagwiritsa ntchito mlatho wodutsa, womwe unatsogolera kuchipatala.

Mipata

Kuwonjezera pa ntchito yake yolunjika, chipatacho chinachitidwa ndi ena ambiri. Nyumba zazikulu za mafumu amtendere anali ndi khomo lotetezedwa kwambiri, lomwe panthawi yozunguliridwa sizinali zosavuta kulanda.

Zipatazo zinali ndi zida zapadera, zomwe zinkawoneka ngati matabwa a matabwa akuluakulu. Ngati kuli kofunikira, zinagonjetsa mdaniyo.

Kuwonjezera pa alonda pakhomo, mbali zonse ziwiri za chipata pa khoma la nsanja zinali nsanja ziwiri kuti zikhale bwino (malo olowera pakhomo anali otchedwa "malo okwera." Apa panalibe olamulira okha, komanso ogwira ntchito.

Mwinamwake gawo lotetezeka kwambiri pa chipata linali chipata - chofunika mwamsanga kuti chitetezo chiyambike mu mdima, chifukwa khomo la nyumbayi linatsekedwa usiku. Choncho, zinali zotheka kufufuza anthu onse omwe amayendera gawolo "nthawi yopanda nzeru".

Bwalo

Atadutsa ulamuliro wa alonda pakhomo, mlendoyo adalowa m'bwalo lamkati, kumene munthu amakhoza kuona moyo weniweni mu nyumba ya mfumu yamtendere. Pano pali zipangizo zazikulu ndi ntchito zomwe zinkatentha: asilikali amphamvu ophunzitsidwa, smiths zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ojambula ogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofunika zapakhomo, antchito ankagwira ntchito zawo. Komanso panali chitsime ndi madzi akumwa.

Malo a bwalo sanali aakulu, zomwe zinakulolani kuti muwone zonse zomwe zimachitika m'dera lanu.

Donjon

Mfundo yomwe nthawi zonse imayang'anitsitsa pamene mukuyang'ana nyumbayi ndi donjon. Iyi ndi nsanja yapamwamba kwambiri, mtima wokhalamo mbuye wonyenga. Inali pamalo osatheka kupezeka, ndipo kutalika kwa makoma ake kunali kovuta kwambiri kuwononga nyumbayi. Nsanja iyi inapereka mpata wowona malo ozungulira ndikukhala ngati pothawirapo potsiriza. Pamene mdaniyo adadutsa njira yonse yodzitetezera, anthu okhala mu nyumbayi ankakhala m'ndende ndipo adatsutsa kuzungulira kwanthawi yayitali. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, dojo sanali chabe chitetezo chokha: apa, pamwambamwamba, mbuye wamtendere ndi banja lake amakhala. M'munsimu - antchito ndi asilikali. Kawirikawiri panali chitsime mkati mwake.

Pansi pake ndi holo yaikulu, kumene zikondwerero zapadera zinali kuchitika. Pa gome la oak, lomwe linali lokhala ndi chakudya chamtundu uliwonse, alonda a mbuye wamtendere ndipo adakhala yekha.

Zomangamanga zamkati zimakhala zosangalatsa: pakati pa makoma anali obisika masitepe ozungulira, kudzera mwa zomwe zinali zotheka kusuntha pakati pa magulu. Ndipo malo onsewa anali osadalirika ndi omwe analipo kale. Izi zinapereka chitetezo china.

Mu ndende anali kusungiramo zida, chakudya ndi zakumwa panthawi yomwe kuzunguliridwa. Mitengo idasungidwa pamalo apamwamba kwambiri, kotero kuti banja la feudal linaperekedwa ndipo silidali ndi njala.

Ndipo tsopano taganiziranso funso lina: kodi ndiziti kuti mafumu amtendere anali omasuka? Tsoka ilo, khalidwe ili linasokonekera. Kufufuza nkhani ya nkhwangwa ya mbuye wamtendere, womva kuchokera pakamwa pa mboni yodzionera yekha (woyenda amene anachezera imodzi mwa zokopazi), tikhoza kuganiza kuti kunali kuzizira kumeneko. Ziribe kanthu momwe anyamatawo anayesera kumanga nyumbayi, palibe chomwe chinachitika, nyumbazo zinali zazikulu kwambiri. Komanso, panalibe nyumba yabwino komanso yofanana "zipinda".

Khoma

Pafupifupi gawo lofunika kwambiri la nyumbayi, lomwe linali ndi mbuye wamasiku apakati, linali khoma lachinga. Iye anali atazungulira ndi phiri lomwe linali ndi nyumba yaikulu. Zopadera zinaikidwa pamakoma: kutalika kwabwino (kotero kuti masitepe a kuzungulira sanali okwanira) ndi mphamvu, chifukwa sizinthu zokha zaumunthu, koma kusintha kwapadera kunkagwiritsidwira ntchito pa chiwawa. Zomwe ziwerengero zowerengera za nyumbazo ndizitali mamita 12 ndi 3 mamita m'lifupi. Zosangalatsa, sichoncho?

Makoma onse pamphepete mwa nsanjayo anali okongoletsedwa ndi oyang'anira zitsulo. Kumalo a mlatho wachinyumba panali malo apadera pakhoma kotero kuti kuzungulira kukanatha kubwezeretsa chiwonongeko cha owukirawo.

Kuwonjezera apo, pambali yonse ya khoma, pamtambo wake wokha, panali malo oti aziteteza.

Moyo mu nyumbayi

Kodi moyo unapitilira bwanji ku nyumba yapakatikati? Munthu wachiwiri pambuyo pa mbuye wawo anali menejala, omwe ankasunga zolemba za anthu osauka ndi ojambula omwe ankagonjera mbuye wawo, amene ankagwira ntchito pa malo okhalamo. Munthuyu anaganizira momwe zinthu zambiri zinapangidwira ndi kubweretsedwera, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito malo. Kawirikawiri ankagwira ntchito monga woyang'anira pamtendere ndi alaliki. Nthaŵi zina iwo amapatsidwa malo osiyana pa gawo la nyumbayi.

Wothandizira antchitowa anali ndi antchito omwe anali athandizi amathandiza mbuye ndi woyang'anira nyumbayo, pamakhalanso wophika ndi wophika wothandizira, wogwira ntchito - munthu woyenera kutenthetsa chipinda, wosula ndi wosula. Chiwerengero cha antchito chinali ofanana mofanana ndi kukula kwa nyumbayi ndi udindo wa mbuye wawo.

Chipinda chachikulu chinali chovuta kutentha. Mabokosi a miyala usiku amatha kutentha kwambiri, kuwonjezera apo, amathandiza kwambiri chinyezi. Chifukwa chake, zipindazo zinali zozizira komanso kuzizira. Inde, stamens amayesetsa kuthetsa kutentha, koma sizinatheke nthawi zonse. Olamulira apamwamba olemera omwe amatha kukwanitsa kuthetsa makomawo ndi matabwa, ma tapestries. Kuti asunge kutentha kotheka, mawindo anali ochepa.

Kutentha kumagwiritsa ntchito zitovu za miyala yamchere, zomwe zinali ku khitchini, kumene kutentha kunkafalikira ku zipinda zoyandikana. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi, zinatha kutentha zipinda zina za nyumbayi. Chitonthozo chapadera kwa ambuye achifumu chinapangidwa ndi zitovu za tile. Chinthu chapadera (dothi la calcined) linaloledwa kutenthetsa madera akulu ndi kutentha bwino.

Kuposa kudya mu nsanja

Kudya kwa anthu okhala ku nsanja kumakhala kosangalatsa. Kunja kusagwirizana pakati pa tsankho ndibwino kwambiri. Zambiri mwazinthuzo zinali ndi mbale za nyama. Ndipo izo zinali kusankha ng'ombe ndi nkhumba.

Malo osayenera pa tebulo anali okhudzidwa ndi ulimi: mkate, vinyo, mowa, phala. Chikhalidwecho chinali ndi zotsatirazi: Mbuye wodalirika, wolemekezeka kwambiri, amatsitsa mkate pa tebulo lake. Si chinsinsi chomwe chimadalira mtundu wa ufa. Chiwerengero cha zinthu za tirigu chinalipamwamba, ndipo nyama, nsomba, zipatso, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zinali zokondweretsa.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakuphika mu Middle Ages kunali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochuluka. Ndipo apa olemekezeka amatha kulipira chinachake kuposa olima. Mwachitsanzo, zonunkhira za ku Africa kapena Far East, zomwe zimagulidwa (pang'onopang'ono) sizinali zochepa kwa ng'ombe zazikulu.