Dongosolo chinenero ndi matabwa ake chiyani?

Kodi dongosolo chinenero? N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero zina zambiri streamlined mawu zinenero zina? dongosolo Language ndi ya zinthu chinenero. M'pofunika kwambiri kuti iwo kulibeko okha, koma n'zogwirizana. Ndipo ndipamene dongosolo limodzi ndi wathunthu. Aliyense zigawo zake ndi tanthauzo ena.

kapangidwe

dongosolo Language Sindingachite popanda mayunitsi a chinenero, misinkhu, chikhalidwe, ndi zina zotero. D. onse a zinthu izi apangidwe mu angamulambirire ndi ufumu okhwima. Pamodzi kupanga zigawo zazing'ono choikidwa milingo apamwamba. dongosolo Language zikuphatikizapo dikishonale. Amaona kufufuza, womwenso okonzeka zopangidwa mayunitsi a chinenero. Limagwirira wa lumikiza ndi galamala.

Mu chinenero chirichonse pali zinthu zina zimene ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake katundu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, zingasiyane ndi kugwirizana awo. Choncho, kusintha kwa ngakhale chinthu china cha phonology amatha kusintha chinenero lonse lonse, pomwe nkhani ya mawu izi sizichitika. Komanso, dongosolo chikuphatikizapo periphery ndi pakati.

Lingaliro la kapangidwe

Komanso mawu akuti "dongosolo zinenero" ankakhalanso mfundo dongosolo la chinenero. Akatswiri ena a zinenero amawaona n'chimodzimodzi, ena - ayi. Kutanthauzira kumasiyana, koma mwa iwo pali wotchuka kwambiri. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, kapangidwe ka chinenero chimaoneka mu ubale pakati pa zanyengo. Komanso ambiri poyerekeza ndi chimango lapansi. Kapangidwe ka chinenero tinganene kuti akonzedwa ubale wokhazikika ndi kugwirizana mayunitsi a chinenero. Iwo amayamba ndi chikhalidwe ndipo zimaonetsa ntchito ndi makhalidwe a dongosolo.

nkhani

Mtima chinenero monga dongosolo kusanduka patapita zaka zambiri. Zimenezi anali anayakira grammarians wakale. Komabe, m'lingaliro makono a "dongosolo chinenero" Liwu izo anatuluka okha masiku ano chifukwa cha ntchito za asayansi amenewa otchuka monga Ferdinand de Saussure, Wilhelm Von Humboldt, August Schleicher ndi Ivan Boduen de A Courtenay.

Otsiriza a akatswiri a zinenero izi anazindikira zofunika kwambiri mayunitsi zinenero: phoneme, grapheme, morpheme. Saussure anali tate wa lingaliro limene chinenero (dongosolo) popenyana ndi mawu. chiphunzitso iyi ophunzira ake ndi otsatira. Choncho panali lonse chilango - structural zilankhulo.

misinkhu

Kuchuluka zofunika ali tiered dongosolo chinenero (wochedwanso subsystems). Zikuphatikizapo homogeneous mayunitsi chinenero. Mulingo uliwose waika yakeyake malamulo gulu ake zachokera. Mkati limodzi wagawo gawo m'chiyanjano (mwachitsanzo, kupanga maganizo ndi mawu). Pa nthawi yomweyo, magulu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana angakhale m'gulu wina ndi mzake. Choncho, morpheme tichipeza phonemes ndi mawu - a morpheme lapansi.

misinkhu chifungulo cha dongosolo chinenero ndinu gawo la chinenero chilichonse. Akatswiri kudziwa angapo tiers amenewa: morphemic, phonemic, syntactic (kunena za maganizo) ndi lexical (ie wapakamwa ..). Pakati pa anthu, pamenepo pali milingo apamwamba a chinenero. Mbali awo zimasiyanitsa ndi "wachiphamaso amaganiza mayunitsi," ie, anthu mayunitsi zinenero zimene mawu a okhutira ndi mawu. Choncho mlingo wokwera, mwachitsanzo, ndi zamalankhulidwe.

misinkhu mafomu

Chodabwitsa kwambiri kuti ntchito yomanga dongosolo chinenero ndi kugawanika kwa mtsinje kulankhula. Amaona kuti kukhala chiyambi cha kusankha mawu kapena mawu. Iwo ndi mbali mayunitsi kulankhulana. Dongosolo la kulankhula chinenero mtsinje lolingana mlingo syntactic. Gawo lachiwiri la kugawanika - mawu magawano. Chifukwa, iye anakhala mitundu mawu. Iwo ophatikizana ntchito sakanikira - wachibale, derivation, nominative. mitundu mawu amadziwika mawu kapena mphatso.

Monga tanena, kachitidwe ka zizindikiro zinenero ndi anthu ochokera mlingo lexical. Iwo aumbike mawu. Siteji yotsatira kugawanika amagwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa mu otaya mawu a mayunitsi zazing'ono. Iwo akutchedwa morphs. Ena zofanana kalembedwe ndi lexical matanthauzo. Izi morphs pamodzi morpheme a.

The kugawanika kwa mtsinje kulankhula udzatha amasulidwe zigawo ting'onoting'ono kulankhula - zikumveka. Iwo ali osiyana mu katundu lawo. Koma ntchito zawo (Unamangidwa) ali yemweyo. Zida amadziwika chinenero wagawo wamba. Iwo akutchedwa phoneme - ndi gawo kochepa chinenero. Iwo akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati ting'onoting'ono (koma chofunika) njerwa mu lalikulu yomanga chinenero. Ntchito zokuzira anapanga phonological chinenero mlingo.

unit wa chinenero

Tiyeni tione mmene unit a dongosolo chinenero chosiyana zinthu zinazi. Popeza kuti ali irreducible. Choncho, stepi ino ndi otsika mu chinenero makwerero. Mayunitsi ndi classifications angapo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo zidzasankhidwa ndi kulira pamaso chipolopolo. Pankhaniyi, mayunitsi monga morphemes, phonemes ndi mawu, kugwera mu gulu lomwelo. Amaonedwa kuti nkhani zomwe iwo ali nazo zonse phokoso chipolopolo. Mu gulu linalo akumanga chitsanzo cha mawu, mawu ndi ziganizo. mayunitsi zimenezi zimatchedwa wachibale-zakuthupi, monga tanthauzo zaphindu anali zowombetsa mkota.

Gawo lina zachokera malinga ngati muli mbali ya mtengo dongosolo. Ichi ndi chizindikiro zofunika. mayunitsi chuma cha chinenero anawagawa yokha (omwe alibe mfundo zawo) ndi amgwirizano (okutidwa ndi tanthauzo). Iwo (mawu ndi morpheme) ndi dzina lina. mayunitsi amadziwika monga chinenero apamwamba unit.

dongosolo la kuphunzira chinenero ndi katundu wake si chilili. Today pakhala njira yamakono, chimene lingaliro la "kugwirizana" ndi "zinthu" anali momveka kulekanitsidwa. Ichi ndi chinthu watsopano. Iwo ayamba chiphunzitso kutchuka kuti ngati zili dongosolo ndi dongosolo la zinthu zakutuluka zinenero zosiyanasiyana sanali wodzikonda. Pochita zimenezi, iwo amasiyana mayunitsi lapansi.

mbali zimene ena amakhala ndi dongosolo chinenero? mayunitsi chinenero amasiyana mzake zimagwirira ntchito, qualitatively ndi quantitatively. Kudzera anthu ichi ndi bwino amenewa kwambiri ndipo ambiri zosiyanasiyana chinenero.

katundu dongosolo

Othandiza structuralism ndikukhulupirira kuti dongosolo chinenero cha chinenero cha Chirasha (kapena) amakhala ndi makhalidwe angapo - okhwima, anatseka ndi lomveka bwino. Pali amazionera osiyanitsidwa. Iwo ankaimira comparativists. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti chinenero dongosolo zinenero ndi amphamvu ndi lotseguka kusintha. maganizo ofanana imayendetsedwa ambiri m'madera latsopano la zilankhulo.

Koma ngakhale mbali ya chiphunzitso cha mphamvu ndi masiyanidwe a chinenero samakana chakuti dongosolo njira iliyonse chinenero ali ndi kukhazikika ena. Iwo amayamba ndi katundu wa dongosolo, amene amachita monga lamulo chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zinthu chinenero. Dialectical masiyanidwe ndi kukhazikika. Iwo otsutsana zizolowezi. mawu m'dongosolo la chinenero imasiyana malingana amene amakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu.

Features mayunitsi

Chinthu china chofunika kwa Dongosolo la dongosolo chinenero - ndi katundu mayunitsi chinenero. chikhalidwe chawo akuwonetseredwa mu mogwirizana ndi mzake. Nthawi zina akatswiri a zinenero kuitana katundu subsystem ntchito yomwe iwo amapanga. mbali amenewa anawagawa kunja ndi mkati. Yotsirizira chimadalira pa unansi ndi kugwirizana okha ikusintha mabungwe. katundu kunja ali ndi chinenero ubale ndi dziko kunja, chenicheni cha maganizo a anthu.

mayunitsi The kupanga dongosolo chifukwa kugwirizana awo. The katundu wa maubwenzi amenewa zosiyanasiyana. Ena zizigwirizana ntchito kulankhula chinenero. Ena zimasonyeza kugwirizana chinenero ndi ubongo wa munthu zimagwirira - gwero linakhalapo mwini. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu awiriwa monga zithunzi ndi nkhwangwa yopingasa ndi choimirira.

misinkhu malumikizanidwe ndi mayunitsi

Subsystem (kapena mlingo) chinenero allocated ngati ambiri lili mbali zonse fungulo la chinenero dongosolo. Monga amafunika kutsatira constructiveness. M'mawu ena, mlingo wa wagawo ndi ziyenera kuyendera m'gulu la tiers, kumtunda siteji. Mu chinenero chirichonse chiri cholukanalukana, ndipo palibe mbali ya sangaonekerenso mosiyana ndi ena onse thupi.

Katundu subsystem amasiyana khalidwe ku katundu wa mayunitsi kuti amange mlingo wake m'munsi. mfundo zimenezi n'kofunika kwambiri. katundu mlingo atsimikiziridwa potsatira mayunitsi a chinenero kulowa mwachindunji mu dongosolo lake. Chotero chitsanzo imodzi yofunika kwambiri. Akatswiri kuyesa chinenero kupereka dongosolo Mipikisano tiered - Pofuna kulenga osiyana abwino inalamula chiwembu. Mfundo yofanana angatchedwe zosatheka. zitsanzo ongolankhula kusiyana kwambiri ndi mwambo weniweniwo. Ngakhale malilime kwambiri, si wangwiro symmetrical ndi zogwirizana dongosolo. N'chifukwa chake mu zilankhulo kuchotserapo ambiri malamulo kuti aliyense amadziwa akadali pa sukulu.