Features wa absolutism. Features wa absolutism otsalira. Mapangidwe absolutism ku Russia

Kwa nthawi yaitali pali zokambirana za zinthu ndi nthawi ya maonekedwe a West, ndi mafumu mtheradi, ubale wake ndi magulu a anthu, makamaka bourgeoisie, pa magawo osiyanasiyana a chitukuko, kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa autocracy Russian ndi Western absolutism, komanso tanthauzo lake mbiri.

Absolutism (kuchokera ku mawu Latin "absolutus" - "malire", "palokha"), kapena ufumu mtheradi - yotsirizira unachokera mu nthawi ya kubwera kwa bizinesi ndipo azingokhala ubale ang'onoang'ono kupanga boma ang'onoang'ono.

Absolutism chalakwika zotsatirazi. Mutu wa boma akuti ndi ndiwo boma malamulo ndi wamkulu (yotsirizira ikuchitika unit, Kumvetsela). Mfumu amalowerera chuma cha boma amapereka misonkho.

Other mbali yofunika kwambiri ya lamulo absolutism - mlingo wapamwamba wa centralization a boma mwa mawu a feudalism anayamba zida malamulo (msonkho, litigation, etc.). Otsiriza mulinso apolisi ndi asilikali kanthu zambiri. Mbali khalidwe la absolutism chiri motere: ntchito chibadidwe malo ufumu nthumwi matupi zachilengedwe wotaya kufunika kwake ndi oyima.

Mtheradi ufumu wotsutsana ndi nzika ang'onoang'ono ankamuthandiza waukulu chikhalidwe ankaona kutumikira otchuka. Komabe, pofuna ufulu wa kalasi lonse, iwo sanali kunyalanyaza thandizo chimabwerabe pa nthawi ya bourgeoisie, sichoncho amati ulamuliro, koma chuma ndi mphamvu zakutha kutsutsa zofuna za mafumu ang'onoang'ono zawo.

kutanthauza absolutism

Udindo wa absolutism mu mbiri n'kovuta kudziŵa. Nthawi zina siteji, mafumu anayamba kumenyana separatism wa anthu otchuka ang'onoang'ono, anawononga zotsala za kugawikana kale ndale, subordinated ku mpingo boma, analimbikitsa chitukuko ubale capitalist ndi umodzi wa dziko mu dera chuma, ndondomeko ya mapangidwe limati dziko ndi mitundu. Tsatirani ndondomeko ya mercantilism, anali malonda nkhondo, mothandizidwa ndi kalasi watsopano - ndi bourgeoisie.

Komabe, malinga ndi ofufuza ena, absolutism zinthu kuti athandize bourgeoisie yekha malinga monga izo zinali mu zofuna za otchuka, amene analandira kuchokera vuto la zachuma a msonkho ndalama boma (ang'onoang'ono lendi), kwambiri, komanso chitsitsimutso cha moyo chuma ambiri . Koma kuwonjezeka kwa chuma ndi mwayi wopezera ndalama ali makamaka ntchito polimbikitsa mphamvu asilikali a mayiko. Kunali koyenera kuti akathetse anakhumudwitsa pa nthawi zikuluzikulu kayendedwe otchuka, komanso yachilendo kuwonjezeka asilikali.

Features wa absolutism ku France

Common kuti mayiko ambiri European (ndi zosintha zosiyanasiyana) maonekedwe a absolutism momveka bwino kwambiri zopezeka France. Apa kumapeto kwa XV - kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVI. anali mbali yoyamba ya mawonekedwe boma. Mu masiku a Richelieu (mu nthawi kuchokera 1624 mpaka 1642 gg.), Zoyambazo mtumiki woyamba wa Mfumu Louis XIII, makamaka Louis XIV (1643-1715 gg.), Mtheradi ufumu anafika pachimake. Korol Lyudovik XIV kunaonetsa mawonekedwe boma zotsatirazi losavuta tanthauzo: "boma - ameneyo ndi ine!".

Absolutism m'mayiko ena

wonena za absolutism ku England (mu nthawi yake yapamwamba, mwachitsanzo nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth Tudor, 1558-1603 gg.) - kuteteza nyumba yamalamulo panopa, pakalibe khamu ataima ndi kufooka kwa bureaucracy m'munda.

Mu Spain, komwe m'nthawi ya 16 sanathe anayamba zinthu ubale bourgeois, mbali yaikulu ya malamulo a absolutism ŵakusanga pang'onopang'ono yankhanza despotism.

Mu Germany, lomwe panthawiyo linali kuti nagawanika si mu lonse la boma, ndipo mkati mwa malo enieni maukulu zosiyanasiyana (Kalonga absolutism).

Mbali yaikulu ya ŵakusanga absolutism khalidwe la ena a ku Ulaya mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18, zafotokozedwa pansipa. Izi mawonekedwe a boma wonse sipanatenge yunifolomu. Makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe a absolutism mu Europe zimadalira makamaka chiŵerengero a magulu a bourgeoisie ndi anthu otchuka, mlingo wa chikoka pa malamulo a zinthu bourgeois. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia, ndi mafumu Austria, malo a zinthu German bourgeois anali kwambiri poyerekeza France ndi England.

Absolutism ku Russia

Mapangidwe absolutism mu Russia anatenga malo osangalatsa kwambiri. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti womulera 1993 Constitution anapereka pulezidenti ulamuliro, amene angayerekezedwe ndi mphamvu zonse za mfumu, ndi maonekedwe atsopano a boma wotchedwa demokalase autocracy. Kodi mbali yaikulu ya absolutism, ndipo mudzaona kuti maganizo awa si umboni. Mwina pali ena oona.

Russian absolutism sanabwere watsiku ndi makhalidwe kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Kuchokera kuchiyambi kwa zaka 17-18 (aya potsiriza anatsimikizira mafumu mtheradi) mu asapita Russian bourgeois sanali otukuka, panalibe bwino pakati anthu otchuka ndi bourgeoisie.

Mapangidwe absolutism mu Russia anayamba kukuchitika chifukwa choti zinthu zina za ndale, ndiponso thandizo choncho otchuka chimodzi chokha. Izi ndi mbali yofunika ya absolutism m'dziko lathu. Kunja kuopseza zonse utapachikika Russia, chofunika wamphamvu chapakati boma ndi kukhazikitsidwa mofulumira nkhani zikuluzikulu. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo anachita ndi azimuth kutipanikiza. Otchuka (tidakocheza apamwamba), kolimbikira malo chuma, kufuna mphamvu zawo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochita zina malamulo, komanso mwayi wofalitsa mu ndondomeko imeneyi.

Tikumbukenso Mbali ina ya absolutism mu Russia. Dziko wapitiriza ntchito ponseponse veche miyambo (ie demokalase), mizu ya amene angapezeke ngakhale pa moyo wa Republic Novgorod ndi Old Russian boma. Iwo kunaonekera ntchito ya Zemsky Sobor (kwa zaka 1549 kuti 1653).

Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la 16 ndi theka zoyambirira za m'ma 17 zinali zodzaza ndi kulimbana kwa awiriwa zinalili mu dziko mumaganiza wathu. A nthawi yaitali chifukwa cha nkhondoyi sizinali bwino, popeza chigonjetso cha alternating Umapeza mbali imodzi, ndiye ena. Mu ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu, komanso nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Boris Godunov Zingaoneke, izo anapambana chizolowezi absolutist amene m'manja mwa mfumu kupereka pazipita mphamvu mphamvu yotha. Koma mu masiku a Mavuto ndi ulamuliro wa Mikhail Romanov (1613-1645 gg.) Azimuth Malamulo Okhwima anapambana kunalimbikitsa mphamvu ya Zemsky Sobor ndi Boyar Duma, popanda amene thandizo Mikhail Romanov sananene lamulo limodzi.

Serfdom ndi absolutism

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa serfdom, kutsirizitsa mu 1649, m'pamene panasinthira, amene anapambana zizolowezi absolutist. Pambuyo potsiriza atathana mwalamulo, anthu otchuka anatembenuka yozungulira kwathunthu pa boma, kudzera mwa mfumu. Iye anali mmodzi wa asilikali kuonetsetsa ulamuliro wa anthu otchuka a wamba, kuti musunge pomvera otsiriza.

Koma kubwerera, otchuka ndi anakakamizika kusiya amanena makamaka pawekha boma ndipo anazindikira yekha monga mtumiki wa mfumu. Izi zinali amalipiritsa utumiki boma. Olemekezeka ndalama okhazikika ndi mphamvu pa anthu wamba ndi posinthanitsa ndi kalata yomasulira zodzinenera mu ulamuliro wa anthu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo pambuyo legalization wa serfdom anasiya convocations Zemsky Sobor. Pa mphamvu zonse womaliza unachitikira mu 1653.

Choncho, kusankha anapangidwa, ndi chifukwa cha zinthu chuma olemekezeka nsembe ndale. Anapambana zizolowezi absolutist. Kupanga serfdom zinachititsa kuti zotsatira ina yofunika: popeza zinthu chitukuko cha kwina (mwachitsanzo, mbisoweka mfulu ntchito msika), mapangidwe ubale bourgeois mwadzidzidzi ndayima kaye. The bourgeoisie mu dziko kwa nthawi yaitali sanali kukhala mu kalasi osiyana chikhalidwe, ndipo, chotero, m'munsi chikhalidwe cha absolutism zinangokhala mfulu.

Mtima chilamulo ndi chiweruzo mu Russia

Chinthu china chapadera cha boma lachifumu mtheradi mu State anali pachibale malamulo ndi malangizo. Kusankha chiŵerengero njira oletsedwa ndi malamulo zinaonekeratu mtima woyambawo. Personal mwankhanza wa mfumu ndi bwalo mumtima anakhala njira yaikulu ya ulamuliro. Iwo anayamba ku nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu m'zaka za m'ma 17, zinachitika kusintha komaliza kwa mafumu mtheradi, pang'ono zasintha.

Mosakayikira anganene kuti panali malamulo - Conciliar code. Komabe, mu kuchita, mfumu (Peter Ine, Alexis ndi ena) ndi akuluakulu okalamba boma atsogozedwa pazochita zawo lamulo, sankaona omangika ndi iwo.

The njira yaikulu ya lolamulira dziko - asilikali ndi duress. Munthu angathe kukana mfundo yakuti pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Peter anandisankha kukhala kwambiri malamulo okhudza pafupifupi muzochitika zones za ulamuliro (Zamkatimu mabungwe usilikali Mafotokozedwe, malamulo matabwa, General Malamulo). Koma iwo zinalengedwa yekha kuti anthu adakali, mfumu yekha sankaona yokha omangidwa mwa malamulo amenewa. Ndipotu mchitidwe kupanga zisankho mwa mfumu iyi si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera pa nthawi ya ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo. Ndiyekhayo mphamvu akadali chifuniro cha mfumu.

Mtima chilamulo ndi chiweruzo m'mayiko ena

Sitingathe kunena kuti Russian zosiyana kwambiri ndi m'mayiko a Azungu (mbali kuitana kwa absolutism, ndipo mudzaona nokha). Louis XIV ya France (amaona tingachipeze powerenga mfumu mtheradi) amagwiranso ntchito voluntarism ndipo mwankhanza.

Koma ndi zotsutsana onse absolutism ku Ulaya akadali anatsatira njira ya nkhani yogwira mwalamulo mu lamulo zosiyanasiyana maubale. Pakati pa chilamulo ndi mwankhanza munthu pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuimba chiŵerengero mokomera zakale. Iwo analimbikitsa zinthu zingapo, chofunika kwambiri umene unali kuzindikira mafumu amene adzalamulire dziko ndi zosavuta pamene malamulo ndi Lamulo monga mmene malo zotheka.

Komanso, ntchito pa kayendetsedwe ka boma voluntarism akusonyeza pamaso pa mfumu makhalidwe mkulu munthu: mlingo womasuka, mphamvu, mphamvu, khama. Komabe, ambiri a olamulira nthawi zambiri makhalidwe amatikumbutsa Peter Ine, Frederick II ndi Louis XIV. Ndiko kuti, iwo sakanakhoza bwinobwino ntchito nkhanza munthu m'boma.

Pambuyo wodutsa njira kukula ntchito lamulo monga chida chachikulu cha boma, absolutism ku Ulaya anayamba mavuto yaitali motero, ndiyeno kwathunthu unatha. Ndipotu, kwenikweni, iye ankaganiza mwalamulo malire mphamvu mwayekha, ndipo ntchito amazilamulira malamulo zinachititsa kuti lingaliro (chomwe anakonza ziwerengero ya Choonadi), lamulo ndi lamulo, osati chifuniro cha mfumu.

ŵakusanga absolutism

Features wa ŵakusanga absolutism m'dziko lathu ndiwo malamulo a Catherine II. M'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya m'zaka theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18 anakhala sizoona a "mgwirizano wa akalonga ndi nzeru ena", anafuulira ndi French Chenicheni nzeru za anthu. Panthawi imeneyi, potengera umboni ndi kunditumiza ku kuchuluka kwa mfundo inayake. Amayenera kuti akwere "wanzeru pa mpando wachifumu", zopindula mtundu, zaluso. Mu udindo wa mafumu ŵakusanga anapanga ndi Prussian Korol Fridrih II ndi Gustav III ya Sweden, ndi Austria Mfumu Joseph II, komanso Russian Mfumukazi Catherine II.

Mbali yaikulu ya absolutism ŵakusanga

Mbali yaikulu ya absolutism ŵakusanga ndale olamulira awa zinalipo kukhazikitsa kusintha mu mzimu wa maganizo osiyana a choonadi. Mutu wa boma, mfumu ayenera kupatsana latsopano, mfundo zomveka kusintha moyo boma m'dziko lapansi.

Mbali yaikulu ya ŵakusanga absolutism limati osiyanasiyana wamba. Pa nthawi chuma kuchita kusintha zomwe sikungawononge maziko a ang'onoang'ono-absolutist dongosolo alipo, iyo inali nthawi imene boma owolowa manja flirted ndi olemba ndi nzeru ena. The bourgeois zisinthe mu France anawononga mtundu uwu wa boma ndi makhalidwe a absolutism French, Chilombocho kutha izo mu Europe.

Molimba momwe mafumu mtheradi

Osiyana anali tsoka la absolutism. Popeza cholinga chachikulu cha fomu iyi ya boma - kusunga maziko alipo a dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, izo zivute zitani kutaya zochititsa pang'onopang'ono kwa absolutism ndipo anali ananyema pa chitukuko ubale capitalist.

Pa tsiku loyamba kusintha bourgeois wa zaka 17-18 linasesedwa ndi mafumu mtheradi ku France ndi England. M'mayiko ndi chitukuko pang'onopang'ono capitalist, kusintha kwa ang'onoang'ono-absolutist mu ufumu bourgeois-eni malo. Poluabsolyutistsky ntchito ku Germany Mwachitsanzo, zinatha mpaka November wa bourgeois-demokalase zisinthe wa 1918 absolutism mu Russia kutha kwa February utasintha cha 1917