Pulezidenti Siriya Hafez Asad: yonena, banja

Hafez al-Assad (October 6, 1930 - June 10, 2000, ku Damasiko) - wandale Siriya, "Baath" chipani Mlembi General, nduna yaikulu ya Syria (1970-1971) ndiponso mtsogoleri wake (1971-2000).

magwero

Hafez Asad, amene yonena anayamba m'mudzi Kardahe m'chigawo Latakia, anabadwa mu banja limene limabweretsa dera Alawite achipembedzo. Makolo ake anali NASA ndi Ali Suleiman al-Assad. Hafez anali mwana chinayi wa Ali, ndipo lachinayi la ukwati wake wachiwiri. Atate anali ndi ana khumi ndipo amadziwika mphamvu zake ndi marksmanship.

Assad banja amachokera Suleiman al-Vahhisha, agogo, Hafeza Asada, amene ankakhala mu mapiri kumpoto Siriya m'mudzi Kardahe. Am'deralo dzina dzina Vahhish, kutanthauza "chilombo" mu Arabic. Pa First World nkhondo, kazembe Ottoman wa Vilayet Aleppo Kardahi anatumiza asilikali m'dera kusonkhanitsa misonkho asilikali a analembedwa kumene usilikali. Iwo anagonjetsedwa ndi detachment osauka kutsogoleredwa ndi Suleiman Al-Vahhishem, ngakhale zigawenga ankhondo malupanga yekha ndi muskets akale.

Hafez Asad akhoza kunyadira atate wake Ali Suleymanom, amene anabadwa mu 1875. Monga wolemekezeka pakati am'deralo, iye ankatsutsa ntchito French la Syria pambuyo First World nkhondo. Assad dzina lake, lomwe limatanthauza "Mkango" iye dzina lake mu 1927. Nakhala mpaka 1963, iye anali nawo mwayi kuwona pang'onopang'ono mwana wa mphamvu yapamwamba mu dziko.

Childhood ndi zaka kuphunzira

Alawites poyamba ankadana wogwirizana boma Suriya, chifukwa iwo ankaganiza kuti udindo dziko ochepa sanalole atenge izo malo oyenera. Ndipo atate wake Hafez amapereka amenewa. Pamene French kumanzere Syria, Asiriya ambiri sakhulupirira awo akale thandizo Alawite kwa France. Hafez Asad Alawite anachoka kumudzi kwawo ndipo anayamba maphunziro ake ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi mu Sunni Latakia (Sunnis ndi lalikulu lachipembedzo gulu la Asilamu onse, achiwiri kukula ndi dera Shiites, Alawites ndi zomwe abut mu mawu a chipembedzo). Iye anali woyamba m'banja lake kupita ku sekondale, koma Latakia Assad anakumana ndi mawonetseredwe udani achipembedzo Sunnis. Hafez Assad anali wophunzira wabwino kwambiri, iye mphoto zingapo bwino kusukulu ndi zaka 14 zakubadwa.

Mapangidwe maganizo andale

Asad ankakhala osauka ambiri Alawite gawo Latakia. Zikugwirizana ndi maganizo ofala pozungulira, iye anayenera kusankha kuthandiza ndale amene kale kuwalandira Alawites. maphwando amenewa anali Suriya Communist Party, Suriya chikhalidwe mtundu chipani (SSNP) ndi chipani Arab "Baath". Assad anagwirizana otsiriza mu 1946, ngakhale abwenzi ake a SSNP lapansi. Party "Baas" ( "Chitsitsimutso") ogwirizana ndi mfundo kupanga logwirizana boma Arab ndi mfundo zokomera.

Chiyambi cha ntchito mu chipani "Baas"

Assad anali kalikiliki chipani, kulinganiza maselo wophunzira, "Baas" ndi agitator kwa lingaliro la Baathists mu strata osauka Latakia ndi midzi yozungulira Alawi. Anatsutsa abale Muslim, amene anali amapereka mwa olemera ndi ndiwofatsa mabanja Muslim. Mu sukulu yake yapamwamba tinaphunzira kubwera ku zigawo osauka ndi olemera a anthu. Hafez Asad ndi zachilendo kuti agwirizane osauka, ndi Sunni Muslim Youth a chipani "Baas", amene amatsutsana ndi a Muslim Ubale. Pa nthawi imeneyo achinyamata ambiri Sunnis mabwenzi ake. Ena mwa iwo adzakhala kenako ndi anzake ndale.

Ali wamng'ono kwambiri, Assad wakhala wotchuka kwambiri mu chipani ngati kulinganiza ndi recruiter, iyeyo anali mtsogoleri wa komiti Baath ophunzira a sukulu yake kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1950. Pa ntchito zake zandale kusukulu, anakumana ndi anthu ambiri amene amam'tumikira, pamene pulezidenti.

ntchito ya usilikali

Mu 1950, Hafez Asad masamba sukulu. Anali kulota kukhala dokotala, koma mwana chinayi la banja si ndalama kuphunzira. Pa nthawi ino, mnyamata Siriya Republic anayamba kupanga awo ankhondo mwini nkhondo, ndipo wandale wamng'ono ankapereka kupita ku sukulu asilikali mumzinda wa Homs. Iye anavomera, koma posakhalitsa kunditumiza ku ndege sukulu ku Aleppo, amene anamaliza mu 1955, analandira udindo woyamba wa mkulu wa Suriya Air Force. Ndi chaka chino, chikukhudza ukwati wake Mahluf Anicet amene anakhala mnzake chokha cha moyo.

Pa mavutowo Suez, Assad latsala ku Iguputo m'gulu la ndege asilikali thandizo la Pulezidenti Nasser atasemphana ake ndi United Kingdom ndi United States. Mu 1957, iwo anatumiza kwa USSR kwa naini mwezi maphunziro njira MiG 17 pankhondo.

Mu 1958, mchikakamizo cha mtundu poto-Arabists unakhazikitsidwa ngati gawo la United Arab Republic of Syria ndi Egypt motsogozedwa Gamal Abdel Nasser. Assad anatsutsa chitaganya poona kuti zinthu Syria mu icho kukanakhala kumuphwanyira pa. Komabe, ngakhale mfundo yakuti Baathists ambiri akhala akuchoka pa utumiki wothandiza mu nthawi ino, Assad anakhalabe usilikali ndipo anayamba ntchito.

Pambuyo mndandanda wa coups asilikali anali woyamba kusungunuka mgwirizano Syria ndi Egypt mu 1961, ndiyeno panali chiwembu March 8, 1963. Malinga ndi zotsatira za chipani "Baas 'anaumbidwa boma, kuyamba kusintha zokomera, ndi Captain al-Assad, amene wakhala ophunzira mwakhama zinachitikazo, n'kukakhala pa pantchito.

Iye analimbikitsa kuti akuluakulu kenako msilikali wamkulu, ndipo pofika cha 1963, kutsogozedwa ndi Suriya Air Force. Pakutha 1964 anaikidwa mkulu wa Air Force ndi udindo wa Major General. Assad anapereka mwayi Air Force Ofisala, anamuika proxies yake posts zonse zofunika ndipo analenga ogwira nzeru utumiki Air Force, yomwe linalandira ufulu ku mabungwe ena nzeru ku Syria. Iye amene ankachitika reader, kunja ulamuliro wa Air Force. Assad akukonzekera yekha kwa kulimbana yogwira mphamvu.

Chitunda kwa pulezidenti

Mu 1966, pambuyo kulanda boma asilikali, amene sanapange kusintha kwakukulu mu njira ndale za dziko, anaikidwa ndi nduna watsopano Kuteteza Syria, omwe anakhala Hafez Assad. Atagonjetsedwa ku asanu Tsiku nkhondo mu 1967 ndi Israel, boma Siriya wakhala kunyozedwa. Ngakhale de A facto wolamulira ya Siriya inali Salah Jadid, amene anali yokhala malo a wachiwiri kwa nduna General wa chipani "Baath".

Mu atsale mphamvu Assad koyamba mu 1968 kupuma ankalamulira Jadida Nduna Yusuf al-Zuayina, ndipo mu 1970 unachotsedwa ndipo mwini Jadida, amene anagwidwa ndi anakhalabe m'ndende mpaka imfa yake mu 1993.

Mu 1970, latsopano Nduna ya Siriya - Hafez Asad, ndipo kuyambira mu 1971 ndi pulezidenti (wake kukonzanso chisankho unachitikira mu 1978, 1985 ndi 1991.). Mu mfundo yachilendo, anachezera mfundo wakale rapprochement ndi USSR ndi kulimbana ndi US ndi Israel. Koma mu Yom Kippur nkhondo mu 1973, Syria anatha achire mbali yaing'ono chabe ya Golan Heights, anagonjetsedwa ndi Isiraeli kuyambira 1967.

Hafez Assad - Pulezidenti

Chipilala chachikulu cha mphamvu yake anali asilikali ndipo misonkhano nzeru. Iye anayesetsa kusintha dziko ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu asilikali. Komabe, khama lake zinachititsa kuti azilimbana ndi anthu ambiri m'mayiko Arab mu dera ndi kudzipatula lonse. Koma pamene Assad anapereka bata andale a Aramu nthawi yoyamba kuchokera ufulu wodzilamulira. Ngati boma Assad ku Lebanon kwenikweni ulamuliro Siriya unakhazikitsidwa mu 1976, amene anaimitsa nkhanza nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi kuukira Israel. Islamists ndi abale Muslim mwachiwawa ankatsutsa Assad boma, koma kuletsedwa mu 1982 pamene chiwembu chawo, lotchedwa kuphedwa mu mzinda.

M'dziko panali mwambo kutchulidwa wa umunthu wa pulezidenti, anaikidwa ziboliboli zake zamkuwa m'mabwalo chapakati m'mizinda ikuluikulu mu dziko. Zithunzi ndi chithunzi cha anakongoletsa pamakoma a nyumba.

M'nthawi ya Gulf nkhondo pakati Iraq ndi Iran ya 1980-1988. Kodi iye Iran mu Persian Gulf nkhondo kuchokera 1990 mpaka 1991, iye anachita nawo odana ndi Iraq mgwirizano. Cha mma 1990, Assad anatembenukira kwa West ndipo limati ndiwofatsa Arabia kuti magawowa nkhani mtendere ndi Israyeli, Komabe, analephera.

Banja ndi motsatizana

Mu Hafez ndi Anisy Asadov anali ndi ana asanu, ana anayi ndi wamkazi. Tsogolo la ana atatu zinali zomvetsa chisoni: awiri a iwo anaphedwa ndi wachitatu anali wolemala mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Pa nkhondo imeneyi, iye anaphedwa ndi mwamuna Asad mwana wake.

Amene anapulumuka mbadwa zake mwachindunji, - yachiwiri mwana, Bashar al-Assad. Monga mwana wamkulu analowa Bassel anamwalira mu 1994 pa ngozi ya galimoto, ndiye m'malo bambo ake, kukhala pulezidenti wa Suriya. Kuti 34 wazaka Bashar al-Assad akhoza kuyamba positi mu 2000, malamulo wakhala makamaka kusinthidwa kuti zaka zochepa mtsogoleri anagwa kuchokera zaka 40 kuti 34.