State wa zokopa Libya, likulu, pulezidenti, dongosolo malamulo, ndi chithunzi kulongosola. Kodi boma la Libya?

State wa Libya ndi limodzi la mayiko lalikulu pa Africa. Mpaka posachedwapa zakhala zizindikiro kutsogolera kutukula dera, kuwonjezera, mbiri yake ndi zonse za mfundo zosangalatsa. Monga Libyans anakhalako kalekale ndi mmene moyo tsopano? Kufotokozera za Libya, zokonda zake ndi malamulo ndipo adzakhala mutu wa nkhani yathu.

malo Hrs

Choyamba, tiyeni tifufuze pamene dziko la Libya. dziko lino lili kumpoto kwambiri a mu Africa. Kumadzulo kwa malire ake athamanga ndi Tunisia ndi Algeria, kum'mwera - ndi boma la Niger, ndi Republic of Chad ndi Republic Sudanese, ndi kum'mawa - ndi boma Iguputo. Ndi gombe Libya a kumpoto ndi mafunde wachifundo wa Mediterranean.

Laku Libya Kupititsa dera makilomita miliyoni 1.8 ^2. Ambiri ali m'chipululu dziko, makamaka Sahara chipululu. Only mu kumpoto ndi Mzere yopapatiza ya wochezeka ulimi m'dera ndi mtundu Mediterranean nyengo.

Mwa chirengedwe cha Libya mu malo oyamba kuonetsetsa mafuta.

nkhani

Ndi lingaliro bwino za vuto mu zalero, muyenera kuyang'ana zinthu zakale. Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa mfundo zazikulu za mbiri ya Libya.

Kale, madera ake anali anthu mafuko woyendayendawu otchedwa Berber. Dzina "Libya" ndi lochokera Greek. Choncho Agiriki wotchedwa Africa yense African.

C Ine Zakachikwi BC. e. Umayamba yogwira Foinike ndi Greek kulamulira kwa gombe la Libya. Pa imeneyo kunali ngati madera lalikulu, ngati Kurene, Leptis Magna, Makungwa, Evhesparidy, Tripoli. Ambiri mwa mizinda imeneyi pali pa nthawi ino ndipo matawuni akuluakulu a boma Libya.

Mu theka lachiwiri la Ine Zakachikwi BC. e. mbali yaikulu ya kumpoto kwa dziko anagonjetsa Carthage, dera la kumadzulo anali ceded kuti boma la Tolemi la Egypt. Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino m'madera onse olamulidwa ndi ufumu wa Roma. Atagwa Rome, kum'mawa kwa Libya anapita ku Byzantium ndi West - kwa woipitsitsawu Vandals boma ndi pakati pa Carthage. Komabe, mu BC VI atumwi. e., mu ulamuliro wa Justinian, Byzantium anakwanitsa aphwanye Vandals ndipo zikuphatikiza dziko lawo onse umembala wake.

South wa Libya nthawi imeneyi, kodi si kugonjera maphunziro boma. Pano, monga kale, iwo Akhafamba mafuko ufulu.

zinthu zasintha kuchokera pakati pa VII atumwi, pamene Aluya anagonjetsa katundu Byzantine mu Africa. Iwo anakwanitsa kugonjetsa zonse Libya, chimene chakhala inalowa mu Caliphate. Kuyambira pamenepo kwambiri anasintha zikuchokera fuko la dziko. Koma poyamba ambiri okhalamo anali Berbers, tsopano fuko lalikulu anakhala Aluya. Utatha wa wogwirizana caliphate Arab mu VIII m'ma Libya alternately mbali ya boma Aghlabid, ndi Fatimid, Ayyubid, Almohad, Hafsid, Ayyubid, mtundu wa Mamluk, mpaka mu 1551 sanali linalanda kwa Ottoman.

Komabe, mu nthawi iyi, Libya anali kudziyimira pawokha wachibale. Kuyambira 1711 kumeneko anayamba kulamulira Karamanli mafumu, amene anazindikira kudalira leni pa Ottoman Sultan. Koma mu 1835, chifukwa kusakhutira otchuka, ndi mafumu anagwera, ndipo Ottoman kamodzinso anakhazikitsa mwachindunji ulamuliro mode Libya.

Mu 1911, Italy analanda dziko lino, kupambana nkhondo ndi Turkey. Kuyambira pamenepo, dziko wasanduka njuchi Italy. Akadzagonjetsedwa Italy mu nkhondo World mu 1942, m'dera kunkakhala asilikali British ndi French.

Mu 1951, Libya anakhala ufumu wodzilamulira pansi Mfumu Idrisa I. Choncho anayamba mbiri aposachedwapa a dziko.

Nthawi ya Gaddafi

Munthu amene anali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa mbiri yamakono ya Libya, Muammar Gaddafi anayamba. Zinali iye amene anali mtsogoleri wa chiwembu cha alonda ukuperekedwa Mafumu. Mu 1969, pamene zinthu zisinthe, mphamvu ya Idrisa Ine unagonjetsedwa. Unakhazikitsidwa ndi laku Libya Arab Republic (LAR), umene wakhala mutu wa Muammar Gaddafi. Ndipotu, anali pulezidenti wa Libya, ngakhale mwalamulo ndi udindo uwu konse ziwanda.

Mu 1977, Gaddafi yokhala kutsanzika posts boma, anasiya mtsogoleri kokha mutu Abale, koma anapitiriza bwino amalamulira. Ndiye LAR anatembenuzidwa kwa Jamahiriya. Zinali mtundu wapadera wa boma, lomwe analengeza demokalase, yokhala anamanga pa kayendetsedwe ka dziko kwambiri omwe. Jamahiriya maziko ndi zokomera onse, dziko Arab ndi Islam. Ndi m'munda umenewu maganizo analipo pa nthawi imeneyo, Libya. Mutu wa boma Muammar Gaddafi anapereka "Green Book" imene kwenikweni m'malo mwa malamulo.

Nthawi imeneyi, Libya kwafika chitukuko osaneneka a zachuma. Komabe, Gona silikuyenda bwino kwambiri ndi boma la Israel ndi West, kumene laku Libya utumiki chinsinsi ngakhale ikuchitika mndandanda wa uchigawenga. Yotchuka kwambiri awa anali kuphulika ndege mu 1988, pambuyo pake pa Libya ziletso pa za chuma akhala ntchito. Komanso, Muammar Gaddafi mlandu kupondereza chitsutso ndale kunyumba ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, komanso olusa ndi mayiko ena African.

nkhondo yapachiweniweni

Mwachibadwa, zimenezi zilili sankasangalala ambiri anthu laku Libya. Mu 2011, zachiwawa anathyola motsutsa Gaddafi boma. Pamene kulimbana ndi zigawenga ndi asilikali aboma amene anafika mwamphamvu imeneyi, anadumphirapo mu mgwirizano nkhondo ya mayiko a azungu anali kumbali ya opandukawo. NATO ndege imachitika mabomba a boma makhazikitsidwe a asilikali. Mothandizidwa ndi mayiko ena, opandukawo anakwanitsa kutenga likulu la Libya - Tripoli. Muammar Gaddafi anaphedwa.

Libya anayamba kulamulira Transitional Council National. Koma ngakhale pambuyo pa chisankho cha aphungu dziko sanabwere mu dziko. Chikudziwikabe nkhondo pakati pa magulu angapo otsutsanawa. Pafupifupi ndisungunuka maphunziro onse lero Libya. boma sangathe kuonetsetsa umodzi wa dziko. Komanso, Libya walimbikitsa ntchito za mabungwe ena uchigawenga, kuphatikizapo boma Chisilamu (LIH), amene ngakhale anakwanitsa kugwila angapo m'madera.

anthu

Namtindi wa anthu Libya a ndi Aluya, ambiri amene arabizirovanyh Berbers. Kum'mwera kwa dziko komanso moyo wosamukasamuka otchedwa Berber mafuko, ndi Tuareg ndi Toubou Negroid mtundu.

Koma ambiri ali anaikira mu dera la kumpoto Libya. South a dziko lapansi kumene kulibe anthu, chifukwa nyengo youma kwambiri kwa Sahara. Pali ambiri m'madera lopanda anthu ochuluka kwathunthu.

The chonse cha anthu mu dziko ndi za miliyoni 5.6 anthu. Tikumbukenso kuti mwa nambala iyi, ambiri okhala m'mizinda. Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha anthu okhala m'mizinda yaikulu komanso agglomerations Tripoli zinthu, Benghazi ndi Misrata upambana 56% ya chonse cha anthu.

Tripoli - likulu la Libya

likulu laku Libya mzinda wa Tripoli. Ndi ili mu dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko pa gombe Mediterranean. Ndi yaikulu ya mizinda imene wotchuka wa boma la Libya. likulu lili ndi anthu kufika pafupifupi mamiliyoni 1.8 anthu. Yerekezerani mzinda wachiwiri kukula kwa boma laku Libya - Benghazi anthu la anthu 630 zikwi ..

Tripoli amadziwika ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri. Idamangidwa kumbuyo mu BC VII atumwi. e. Atsamunda Foinike, ndipo poyamba ankatchedwa EA. Dzina yamakono ya mzinda andipatsa kenako Ahelene. Mu Greek izo oznachat "Cities atatu". Kwa nthawi yaitali anali mzinda chapakati m'chigawo cha Tripolitania, ndipo mu 1951, pambuyo kulengeza ufulu wa dziko, n'kukhala likulu la Libya.

Tsopano - Tripoli ndi mzinda waukulu zamakono ndi nyumba mkulu-nyamuka ndi magombe azure, amene ayenera kunyadira chikhalidwe cha Libya. Chithunzi mchenga milu ndi milu, amene wochuluka mudziwe chuma anadzipereka kwa zokopa m'mphambano za lonse, chidwi, ndipo ndi kovuta kulingalira kuti penapake pafupi ndi chipululu chikhalidwe cha ataliatali mkulu-auka ... ndipo pali nkhondo.

Komabe, ngakhale kuti udindo likulu, mu Tripoli makampani lalikulu boma akumeneko yekha ya unduna okhonda. Ziwalo zina zonse zokhudza zida chapakati boma wambiri midzi akuzigawo. Ngakhale yamalamulo ndi ili mu mzinda wa Sirte. Ichi chidachitika mu chimango cha pulogalamu, amene akuyamba mu 1988, za siyana a dzikolo.

kapangidwe andale

Pa nthawi, Libya - boma unitary. Mawonekedwe a ndi mabwalo a aphungu. maudindo monga Pulezidenti wa Libya, kulibe. Pulezidenti akukhulupirira wapampando wa Nyumba ya oimira, amene amasankhidwa ndi yamalamulo ndi. Popeza August 2014 positi wakhala unachitikira Aguila Salah Yes. Komanso, Nyumba ya oimira (yamalamulo) umasankha nduna yaikulu, kuti ndiye mutu wa boma. Pa nthawi, Mkulu ndi Abdullah al-Thani. boma zili Tobruk. Abdullah al-Thani kangapo kusiya, koma mpaka tsopano. za. Nduna Yaikulu.

Pa nthawi, boma Libya akulamulira kum'mawa kwa dziko.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ayenera ananena kuti Tripoli kufanana amachita General National Congress, amene amatsutsa Nyumba ya oimira, asaaonerera m'dera kuzungulira likulu.

Pa nthawi, Libya - boma boma limene akuluakulu onse ndife osiyana ndi chipembedzo ndi zipembedzo. Pa nthawi yomweyo wamphamvu ndithu Islamist amaganiza anthu.

utsogoleri magawano

boma Libya administratively anawagawa 22 mizinda yambiri. Komabe, mugawo ili m'malo pokhapo titachitapo kuyambira mbali yaikulu ya boma yaikulu ya dziko chabe simungapeze, ndipo kwenikweni ali utsogoleri yake unit.

Komanso, Libya ali m'zigawo zitatu mbiri ya kucheza Ndipo zimenezi, pa nthawi imodzi, ndipo anapanga boma limodzi: Tripolitania, Cyrenaica ndi Fezzan. The malo zigawo zikuluzikulu mwamwayi motero, ali Tripoli, Benghazi ndi Sabha.

zizindikiro State

mbendera za Libiya wa ku 2011 ndi mbendera ndi wofiira, wakuda ndi wobiriwira mikwingwirima anakonza kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Pakati pali mbendera ya kachigawo Chisilamu ndiponso nyenyezi. mbendera anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito monga boma pa nthawi ya ufumu wa Libya (1951-1969), koma pambuyo zisinthe m'malo ndi Gaddafi pa red-woyera-wakuda galu, ndipo kuyambira 1977, pa nsalu kwathunthu wobiriwira.

Pa nthawi, chovala chauneneri cha manja a boma la Libya kulibe, koma pali State chizindikiro mu mawonekedwe a kachigawo chikasu ndi nyenyezi.

nyimbo yafuko kuyambira 2011 ndi zikuchokera "Libya, Libya, Libya", kuchita ntchito yofanana mu nthawi ya Mafumu. Mu masiku a ulamuliro Gaddafi monga nyimbo ntchito ntchito nyimbo "Mulungu ali wamkulu."

dongosolo malamulo

Panopa dongosolo malamulo a boma la Libya zachokera malamulo French ndi Chitaliyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale ndi Gaddafi nyengo, ikhala chikoka mwachilungamo amphamvu a lamulo la chisilamu, makamaka Sharia.

Dziko ali Court Constitutional, ngakhale Constitution latsopano silinakwaniritsidwe atsopano. Pa nthawi yomweyo, dziko la Libya akadali sanaulandire Mphamvu ya mabwalo a milandu padziko lonse.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ife tikudziwa kuti pakadali mbali zosiyanasiyana za Libya m'manja mwa magulu angapo, kotero kuti kwenikweni, palibe mfundo yunifolomu ya mwalamulo, amene Akanafutukula ku gawo lonse la boma. M'madera ambiri malamulo dziko De facto ndi malamulo okhwima Chisilamu (Sharia).

zowoneka

m'mbiri yakale watipatsa kwambiri misewu chikhalidwe, zomwe zimasangalatsa diso la alendo. Inde, pali malo ambiri zakale zomwe ayenera kunyadira chikhalidwe cha Libya. Zokopa zilipo m'madera ambiri a dziko.

Mmodzi wa zipilala wotchuka chikhalidwe dziko ili Libya, pali mabwinja akale Roma Bwalo la maseŵera, amene ganizirani mu chithunzi pamwambapa. Iwo ali mu Sabratha, kumadzulo kwa Tripoli. Bwalo la maseŵera Izi inamangidwa pa nthawi Aroma ndipo anafuna kusonyeza amene anali kuchereza omvera, kuphatikizapo ndewu gladiator.

M'dziko lonselo pali bwinja ena a nyumba wakale wa ku Foinike ndi Aroma. Makamaka wotchuka mwa malo mzinda wakale wa Leptis Magna, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi atsamunda ku Foinike, koma ndiye amene analanda njira moyo wa Aroma.

Pakati pa nyumba ya nyengo Chisilamu, makamaka amatha kusiyanitsa inali ku Tripoli Mosque Ahmed Pasha Karamanli anamanga wolamulira wa Tripolitania mu 1711. Komanso chidwi kwambiri Gurgen Mosque ndi Al-Jami.

Komanso, katundu wa UNESCO World Heritage List zikuphatikizapo ziboliboli m'dera Tadrart Acacus, zaka zaka 14 000.

Mu masiku a Gaddafi ndi wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu am'deralo ndi alendo anasangalala Jamahiriya Museum.

Ndithu, pali chinachake kukhala onyada anthu a Libya.

Ndi chikhulupiriro m'tsogolo

Libya zikuchitika mu nthawi ya mavuto kuyambira penipeni. Atagwa wa Gaddafi boma, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kuwala kubwera nthawi ya demokalase woona ndi lamulo. Koma ankayembekezerazo si zimene zinachitika pamene dziko lapansi akumenya phompho nkhondo yapachiweniweni, amene mwa njira ina kulowerera mayiko ena.

Panopa, Libya kwenikweni unagawika zigawo zingapo, zimene amafuna kudziyimira pawokha lonse ku boma, kapena sakuzizindikira izo. Pa nthawi yomweyo palibe kumakana ufulu wa anthu laku Libya kumanga mtendere, demokalase imene ulamuliro wa malamulo malamulo adzaima kutsogolo. Ndithudi, izi cholinga Libyans adzakhala posapita nthawi kuwafika. Ndizo basi pamene kudzakhala - funso lofunika.