Numismatics: yakale yoyendera ndi Roma ndalama

Kumulakalaka numismatics chotchuka kwambiri masiku awa. Okhometsa kuitana zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuti athetse ludzu lawo makobidi wakale: ndi phindu mbiri, ndi Chikhumbo kale, ndi maloto ubwana wa chuma kwachinsinsi. Anthu amenewa ndi chidwi ndalama wakale, chifukwa iwo kusunga fano osati olamulira, koma Nthawi lonse, zochitika zazikulu, ndi mgwirizano wawo ndi chidwi.

A mbiri pang'ono

Ndalama anayamba kupanga China ndi India kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XII. BC. e. Koma zolowa wa banknote si kupitirira m'mayiko amenewa. Patapita Agiriki anayamba ndalama timbewu siliva. Ndipo iwo adayamba kusinthana ndi kugulitsa galimoto ntchito, kumenya koyamba mu Middle East, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko kufalitsa pa mayiko ozungulira.

Izi dongosolo ndalama ndi anakhalabe ndi zina. Ndalama Ufumu wa Roma m'malo Greek, anali chitsanzo chilengedwe chonse. Pachimake Ancient Rome anali chitsanzo cha chitukuko apamwamba. Ndi kugwa kwa anthu ake kudikira mgwirizano, T. Kwa. The zinthu zina zambiri wawaiwala kwa zaka zambiri. The nthawi yaitali ya ndalama ya Aroma wakale anali muyezo zinthu dongosolo ndalama ku Europe ndi Asia, komanso akapolo anzawo akale, anapanga Ahelene.

ndalama wakale

M'njira yopapatiza, gulu zikuphatikizapo yekha banknotes Ancient Rome. Komabe, si zoona. Pamafunikanso ndalama ya anthu onse akale, kuphatikizapo Persian, Israeli (Ayuda) ndi Byzantine. Banknotes a nthawi zakale anali zinapangidwa ku zitsulo zamtengo wapatali: mkuwa, mkuwa, siliva ndi golide. Zofunika amadalira mtengo wa ndalama, chifukwa anatsimikiza ndi mtengo wake kwa iwo. ulamuliro Izi kuyan'anidwa bwino nthawi zonse ndipo alipo lero. Ancient ndalama Roma chokongoletsedwa ndi zisindikizo za mfumu yolamulira. Zinali kulemera kwa chitsimikizo cha mtengo wa akukonzekera izo. ndalama yakale yoyendera ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri, monga banknotes yatsopano yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi chilichonse kusintha wotsatira wolamulira.

Mkuwa ndi mkuwa ndalama

Dongosolo ndalama wakale Rome udindo ankaimba zitsulo monga mkuwa ndi mkuwa (achikale. Aurihalk). Ndi chifukwa iwo ndi ndalama kupangidwa. Ndalama woyamba chinapangidwa zamkuwa. kulemera iye pa nthawi imeneyo anali mpandawo aunsi. Zinali mkuwa Ace miyeso yawo ndi mochuluka momwe 12 aunsi (340g). Ndalama anali ang'onoang'ono ndi ubwino:

• Semis - 170 GR.
• Triens - 113 GR.
• Kvadrans - 85 GR.
• Sekstans - 56 GR.
• Nusu ndi gawo aunsi, masekeli ankalemekeza dzina.

Kenako anaonekera aurihalk zitsulo (mkuwa) - okwera mtengo kusiyana ndi mkuwa, ndi aloyi zamkuwa ndi nthaka. Kuyambira lero Roma ngati ndalama kupangidwa monga sesterce (27.28 g.), Dupondius (13.64 g.) Ndipo bulu (54.59 g.).

Golide ndi siliva

Silver zinapangidwa otsutsa, victoriatus, ndi quinarius sestertii. Yaikulu ya iwo sanatanthauziridwe (khobiri) ankalemera 5 magalamu, ndi laling'ono - pang'ono kuposa wina gram. Chifukwa cha kusintha 217 BC. e. awo yafupika kulemera. Gold aureus zinalengedwa, ndipo pambuyo kukonza wa Constantine ndidafika ku ntchito solidi, Semis ndi triens (maina imakonzedwa mu ukutsika dongosolo la mlingo).

Lero, amaganiza kuti unit yaikulu ya Ndalama wakale anali stater, kapena ndalama. Choncho, m'kati mwa dongosolo Aeginian zinapangidwa staters siliva (12-14,5 g) ndi madalakima (monga Roma siliva ndalama masekeli, ngati hafu stater), ndipo Mileto fokeyskoy ndi Persian - golide. Tikumbukenso kuti banknotes yopangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena mkuwa, monga masamu ndi mayunitsi. Izi zinali kuchitikanso ofala kwambiri makamaka mu nthawi Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

chinyengo

Pali mitundu iwiri ya handicrafts. Gawo la achinyengo ndi achita pa nthawi, pamene ena makope ano. M'chigawo chino, tikambirana inawo, mwamsanga pamene iwo sizitha lero. Pali njira zingapo kupezeka kwa kudzilungamitsa kuyezetsa:

1. Kudziwa fakes otsika kwambiri ndi kochepa kuyang'ana chithunzi m'ndandanda wa. Tsopano yabodza Roma ndalama anapanga alendo ndi nzika wamba, amene sakudziwa kanthu za numismatics. Choncho, ofanana yoyambirira yeniyeni m'malo zonyozeka.
2. Poyerekeza posonkhanitsa deta Directory akhoza ingalemetsedwe ndi anayeza phindu. Ngati zizindikiro si akatulutsidwa mwa mtengo ananenera, yankho n'lodziwikiratu.
3. Pa nthawi ya Roma ndalama si kuponyedwa ndi kupangidwa. Choncho anapanga pa zida zamakono ndalama nthawi zonse kukhala wolemekezeka.
4. Ngati ndalamayo alipo exfoliation particles padziko - ndi chenicheni. Akupeka zotsatira zimenezi sizingatheke. Iwo amayamba ndi zosafunika mkati dzimbiri.
5. Kukhalapo kwa sitampu kudzawala limanenanso mokomera verifiable Mwachitsanzo.
6. Ancient ndalama Roma akhoza kufufuzidwa ndi maso a. Pa magnification kuthambo kuonekera pamwamba dzimbiri khalidwe la ligatures nthawi imeneyo.
7. Kuyerekezera ndi choyambirira ndi njira yabwino kuyerekeza kusindikiza ndi mfundo zake zing'onozing'ono.
8. kusanthula kawalidwe kudzakuthandizani kudziwa zikuchokera chitsanzo ndi ligatures. Ngati zotsatira za kusanthula zokayikitsa Mwachitsanzo ndi oona zofanana, izo Ndizachidziwikire kuti ndalama za nthawi yomweyo.

Kumene, anthu osadziwa sangathe kusiyanitsa yabodza. Pankhaniyi, njira yabwino ndi kutembenukira kwa numismatist odziwa.