Pamene maselo proliferating. Kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo

Palibe kawirikawiri anaphunzira ku sukulu mfundo zamoyo wa mwambowu kuposa selo. Popeza tikuuzidwa 5 pa kalasi zachilengedwe mbiri, kenako kutichitira replicates 6 monga mitundu ndi kugawikana selo njira zake. Mu sukulu 7 ndi 8 anakaphunzira ku mawonedwe a zomera, nyama ndi munthu. Kalasi 9 zikuphatikizapo kuganizira njira mkati kunachitika izo, ndiko kuti, kapangidwe maselo. Pa 10 ndi 11 ndi chiphunzitso foni, anapeza ndi kusanduka.

pulogalamu wamangidwa choncho chifukwa izi nyumba yaing'ono, "nyumba zidutswa za moyo," ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri chamoyo chilichonse. Onse ntchito yofunika, njira, kukula ndi chitukuko, mapangidwe - chilichonse chokhudzana ndi moyo, imene iwo ndi mwa iwo. Choncho, m'nkhani ino tiona mfundo zikuluzikulu za kubereka, chitukuko selo ndi mbiri ya anatulukira.

Inayambira maselo

Izi particles structural ndi yaing'ono kwambiri mu kukula. Choncho, chifukwa chotulukira awo zinamutengera nthawi yaitali ndi chilengedwe cha luso linalake. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kapangidwe ma amoyo chomera minofu anaona Robert Guk. Izo zinali mu 1665. Kuti iwo kuganizira, iye anatulukira maso choyamba. chipangizo ichi amafanana kakang'ono masiku ano zipangizo lokulitsira. Mmalo mwake, kunali ngati ochepa anakonza pakati pa kuzungulira, kupereka zichuluke.

Ntchito chipangizo chimenechi, wasayansi ankaona gawo la mtengo Nkhata Bay. Kodi iye anawona chinali chiyambi cha kukula kwa chiwerengero cha sayansi okhudzana ndi zamoyo ambiri. A kuchuluka mwamphamvu abutting maselo a kukula pafupifupi wofanana ndi mawonekedwe. Hooke anawaitana cella, kutanthauza "selo".

Kenako anapanga angapo atulukira kuti analola kudziwa kukula, kudziunjikira MOSATIZANA sayansi angapo nawo mu phunziroli awo.

1. 1675 - wasayansi Malpighi anaphunzira zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe chipinda ndipo anazindikira kuti nthawi zambiri chonse kapena thovu chowulungika wodzazidwa moyo madzi.
2. 1682 - N. Grew Malpighi anatsimikizira anapezazo, ndipo nayenso anaphunzira Kapangidwe ka khungu nembanemba.
3. 1674 - Antoni galimoto Leeuwenhoek amatsegula maselo tizilombo komanso magazi ndi umuna dongosolo.
4. 1802-1809 gg. -. Shii-Brissot ndi Mirbeau Zh B. Lamark amati kuli kufanana pakati zimakhala ndi nyama ndi zomera maselo.
5. 1825 - amatsegula Purkinje selo phata mbalame kugonana.
6. 1831-1833 gg. - Robert Brown limasonyeza pamaso pa phata pa chomera maselo ndi anayamba mfundo kufunika zikuchokera zoweta, m'malo selo nembanemba, monga mmene ankaganizira poyamba.
7. 1839 - Theodor Schwann amanena kuti zamoyo zonse ndi lopangidwa ndi maselo, komanso kufanana zakale ndi mzake (chiphunzitso selo mtsogolo).
8. Ya 1874-1875. - Chistyakov ndi Strasburger lotseguka selo chulutsa njira - mitosis, meiosis.

atulukira zonse zina m'munda wa nyumba khungu, ntchito zawo, ndiponso ntchito zosiyanasiyana pa moyo wa zamoyo kunachitika mofulumira chifukwa chitukuko tima lina lapadera lokulitsira ndi kuyatsa zipangizo.

Chigawo selo

Mukachipinda mu moyo umachitira khungu mkombero - nthawi ya moyo wake kuyambira tsiku la kubadwa kwa imfa (kapena kugawikana). Komanso, zilibe kanthu, ndi nyama kapena masamba. Kayendedwe ka moyo chimodzimodzi kwa onse a iwo, ndipo nthawi zambiri, kumapeto kwa maselo ake chulukanani ndi kugawa.

N'zoona kuti zamoyo zonse, ndondomeko ndi zofanana. Pakuti eukaryotic ndi prokaryotic ndi mwapadera, palinso zina kusiyana kwa kafalitsidwe zomera ndi nyama maselo.

Monga proliferating maselo? Pali njira zingapo zofunika.

1. Mitosis.
2. Meiosis.
3. Amitosis.

Aliyense wa iwo nambala njira mbali. Ndipo onse a pasukuluyi ndi yeniyeni zamoyo multicellular, onse zomera ndi nyama chiyambi. Mu kubalana unicellular amapezeka basi kugawa awiri. Ie, njira maselo sizili zofanana. Pali chinthu monga kudzipha selo. Izi okha maselo m'malo njira kugawa.

Monga proliferating maselo, monga mabakiteriya buluu wobiriwira algae, ena losavuta? Asexually, njira yosavuta: zili maselo ndi kawiri mu khoma selo anapanga ndi yopingasa kapena kotenga kulowetsa ndi selo imodzi lagawidwa ziwiri zatsopano, zofanana akuchikazi chamoyo.

Zimenezi amatchedwa mwachindunji magawano selo. Chulukitsani iwo, ndi mabakiteriya unicellular, koma panalibe ubale kwa mitotic kapena njira meiotic kuti. Iwo kudzachitika pokhapo mu thupi la zamoyo multicellular.

mitosis

Mu okhalapo multicellular lili mabiliyoni maselo. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo amafuna kumaliza kwake mayendedwe amoyo, ndi kusiya ana, osati akufa. Maselo kubereka kugawa, koma ndondomeko iyi si onsewo ali ofanana.

Somatic kapangidwe (amanena kuti maselo zonsezi kupatula nyongolosi) njira zawo akanasankhidwa kubalana kapena amitosis mitosis. N'zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, capacious ndi zovuta ndondomeko, amene amakhalapo kholo limodzi maselo diploid (i.e., wachiphamaso ya DNA) ziwiri zofanana mwana wake omwewo diploid zikuchokera.

Ntchito yonse imakhala mfundo zazikulu ziwiri:

1. Mitosis - fission nyukiliya ndi nkhani yake yonse.
2. Cytokinesis - gulu la protoplasm (cytoplasm ndi organelles onse ma).

njira zimenezi zikuchitika nthawi imodzi, zikubweretsa mapangidwe makope mkulu amasankha kholo yafupika kukula.

Mitosis tichipeza magawo anayi (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) ndi uliri isanafike magawano - interphase. Taganizirani chilichonse.

interphase

Kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo ikuchitika mu moyo wa chamoyo. Komabe, si maselo onse ndi nthawi yomweyi aliko. Ena a iwo amafa pasanathe masiku awiri kapena atatu (maselo a m'magazi), ena kukhala moyo ntchito (mantha).

Koma ambiri a moyo m'selo awasungira chikhalidwe wotchedwa interphase. Izi ndi nyengo za pokonzekera kugawira maselo anapanga okhwima, amene amatenga 90% ya nthawi ndondomeko lonse.

Tanthauzo kwachilengedwenso stepi ino ndi kudzikundikira zakudya, RNA ndi mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe mamolekyulu DNA. Ndipotu, pambuyo nagawira mu mukachipinda mwana ayenera ndendende chiwerengero cha organelles, komanso zinthu zakuthupi chibadwa, mmene anali mu mayi. Zimenezi zichitike ndi anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri wa nyumba alipo, kuphatikizapo chingwe DNA.

Nthawi zambiri, interphase amapezeka mu magawo atatu:

• presynthetic;
• kupanga;
• postsynthetic.

Zotsatira: kudzikundikira zakudya, mphamvu ndi tizidutswa DNA kwa zina kugawa njira. Choncho, stepi ino - chiyambi chabe cha momwe kuchulukana selo zina.

prophase

Pa nthawi imeneyi, zotsatirazi njira yaikulu ndi:

• kupasuka nembanemba nyukiliya;
• kutha (ndi kusungunuka) nucleoli;
• DNA kukhala zooneka pansi maso chifukwa kupotoza (helix) dongosolo la;
• centriole kumwazikana mizati cha ndende, kukoka spindle ndi kupanga fission.

Pa nthawi imeneyi selo nyama kubalana palibe mosiyana ndi ena onse.

metaphase

gawo ili m'malo lalifupi, kokha pafupifupi mphindi 10. maziko ake ali kuti chromatids imakonzedwa pa equator selo. Zingwe spindle wina kumapeto kugwiritsitsa centriole mizati selo, ndipo centromere ena lililonse chromatids. Pakati pa dongosolo majini pafupifupi zosagwirizana choncho mosavuta kukonzekera disconnection.

anaphase

Mbali yayifupi dziko lonse mitotic mkombero. Kutalika pafupifupi 3 Mphindi. Nthawi imeneyi, aliyense chromatid amapita ku maselo wake mzati ndi yomalizira theka chikusowa pa yekha kutembenukira mu dongosolo wabwinobwino wa khromozomu lapansi.

Komabe, maphunziro amafuna enzyme wapadera - telomerase. Anapitirira kudzikundikira zake interphase lapansi.

telophase

Aliyense mzati selo limapezeka kumaliza chuma ake majini, lomwe ndi chobvalidwa mu Kakhungu nyukiliya, kupanga phata. Nucleoli kuonekera. Dongosolo lonse limatenga 30 minutes. Kuti si nthawi yaitali. Ichi ndi chifukwa mapangidwe Kakhungu nucleolar ndi nyukiliya amafuna kukwera mitengo mphamvu ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu nyumbayi - zakudya (mapuloteni, chakudya, michere, mafuta, amino zidulo).

cytokinesis

Zimenezi yomalizira lonse mitotic mkombero. Protoplasm lagawidwa ndi organelles mosamalitsa mu theka, ndipo munthu aliyense wamkazi amalandira chimodzimodzi monga mlongo wake. Ndiye kudutsa maselo anapanga kulowetsa mapuloteni (akitini authunthu) zomwe compresses dongosolo kudutsa ndi ukugawa mu awiri ofanana, koma ang'onoang'ono kukula poyerekeza ndi maselo kholo.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, pali kusiyana maselo nyama kuti zimafalitsidwa chomera selo. chakuti mapuloteni mu nyumba mbewu zochepa ndi akitini kulibeko. Choncho, palibe constriction aumbike pakati, ndipo khoma kugawaniza, kumbali zonse zimene zamkati uyikidwa. Izi zimamupatsa chomera selo chinthu chimodzimodzi, chimango ndi ndipamene khoma selo.

Kukula ndi chulutsa maselo panjira kenako mwachizolowezi mayendedwe amoyo: specialization, mapangidwe ziwalo, ntchito yogwira ndi kugawikana, kapena imfa.

maselo nyongolosi ndi kubalana awo

Pa funso mmene khungu imabereka, yankho angathe kuperekedwa kuukonza wa icho chiri. Ndipotu, takambirana njira ya mitosis khalidwe chabe la nyumba somatic. Ngakhale maselo nyongolosi kubereka mu njira yosiyana, kapena kani, meiosis.

Zimenezi ndi maziko kugwira ntchito kwambiri nyama gametogenesis, mwachitsanzo kubereka. Kukula kwa maselo nyongolosi kumachitika panthawi angapo. Choncho, meiosis - kwambiri zovuta capacious magawano kuposa mitosis.

Pakuti chomera selo meiosis - sporogenesis maziko, ndiye mapangidwe maselo kugonana. Waukulu kwachilengedwenso ntchito ya meiosis zamoyo zonse ndi chifukwa ndipamene haploid anayi (ndi theka kapena akonzedwa umodzi DNA) maselo nyongolosi. Chifukwa chiyani? Pa umuna (maphatikizidwe wa gametes mwamuna ndi mkazi) zinachitika diploid zygote kuchira mu watsopano (mtsogolo Ndisanaumbidwe). Izi zimathandiza zosiyanasiyana chibadwa cha zamoyo, zikubweretsa ma jini, maonekedwe ndi kuphatikiza mbali watsopano.

Kapangidwe ka ndondomeko ya meiosis

Pali magulu awiri chachikulu meiosis: Kuchepetsa ndi equational. Aliyense mwa anthu amenewa ndi gawo mofanana mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase ndi telophase. Taganizirani pang'ono aliyense wa iwo.

Chigawo kuchepetsa

Mfundo yofunika: limodzi maselo diploid kupanga awiri haploid, ndi theka ingachititse DNA. magawo:

• prophase Ine;
• metaphase Ine;
• anaphase Ine;
• telophase I.

Aliyense mbali ya abwerezedwa kutembenuka onse mofanana mu masitepe analemba mu mitosis. Komabe, kusiyana kumodzi ukadali kumeneko: mu interphase palibe anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri a DNA, izo lagawidwa yekha mu theka, ndipo onse. Choncho, theka mfundo majini igwera mu mukachipinda mwana wamkazi. Izi kafalitsidwe koyamba kwa maselo nyama ndi zomera zokhudzana ndi kugonana.

equational magawano

The chachiwiri meiotic magawano, chifukwa mu mapangidwe awiri maselo kwa aliyense amene m'mbuyomu. Tsopano pali zinayi zofanana haploid mnzake amene akukhala nyama kapena chomera maselo kugonana. Khwelero equational magawano: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.

Choncho, funso mmene khungu replicates, ali m'malo ovuta capacious yankho. Pambuyo njira izi, ndi zina zonse zikuchitika mu zamoyo, ndi woonda kwambiri ndipo wapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa pang'onopang'ono.