Movement lithospheric mbale. Major lithospheric mbale. Mayina a mbale lithospheric

Earth lithospheric mbale ndi midadada yaikulu. maziko awo aumbike mwa mwamphamvu ankangodzigwera mu makutu lubwe metamorphosed igneous miyala. Mayina a mbale lithospheric adzapatsidwa m'nkhani pansipa. Kuchokera pamwamba iwo ataphimbidwa ndi atatu zinayi kilometre "phimba". Iwo anapanga ku miyala nyanja. Nsanja ali ndi mpumulo ongokhala awiri ranges osiyana phiri ndipo zigwa lalikulu. Kenako tikambirana chiphunzitso cha kayendedwe ka mbale lithospheric.

The zikamera wa kungoganizira

chiphunzitso cha zoyenda mbale lithospheric anaonekera m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Ndiyeno, iye anali kuyembekezera zimapezeka pa zokambiranazi m'mapulaneti. Scientist Taylor, ndi pambuyo pake, ndi Wegener hypothesized kuti pa nthawi pali kulowerera mbale lithospheric motsogozedwa yopingasa. Komabe, view wina lidatsirizika mu mmasate cha m'ma 20. Malinga ndi izo, kayendedwe ka mbale lithospheric chitachitidwa vertically. Pa mtima wa zodabwitsazi kuyala ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana za dziko chovala zakuthupi. Inali kudziŵika fiksizmom. dzina Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti anali anazindikira kalekale atathana malo ake ziwalo chovala cha kotekisi lapansi. Koma mu 1960, pambuyo yoyamba ya padziko lonse wa zitunda m'ma nyanja kuti amuzungulire dziko ndi kupita m'madera ena pa dziko, panali kubwerera ku amanena za m'ma 20. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho wapeza njira yatsopano. Tectonics midadada kukhala kungoganizira kutsogolera sayansi kuti kuphunzira kapangidwe ka dziko.

chikhazikitso

Padatsimikiza kuti panali lalikulu lithospheric mbale. chiwerengero wawo uli ndi malire. Palinso ang'onoang'ono lithospheric mbale Earth. malire pakati pawo ikuchitika ndi condensation chivomezi.

Mayina zizigwirizana mbale lithospheric oyenerera pamwamba pawo ndi nyanja chokhala zigawo. Midadada kukhala lalikulu, okwana asanu. Yaikulu lithospheric mbale - ndi South ndi North America, Yuro-Asian, African, Antarctic, Pacific ndi m'mayiko a Australia.

Apezeka akuyandama pa asthenosphere ndi yodalirika osiyana ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi. Ndime pamwamba - yaikulu lithospheric mbale. Malinga ndi mfundo koyamba ankaganiza kuti mayiko ndi kupanga njira kudutsa pansi pa madzi. Pankhaniyi, kayendedwe ka mbale lithospheric zinachitikadi mchikakamizo cha mphamvu yosaoneka. maphunziro anapeza kuti apezeka ndi akuyandama kuonera nkhani chofunda. Tikumbukenso kuti malangizo a koyamba vertically. zakuthupi chovala limatuluka oposa pansi lokwera la lokwera pa. Izo ndiye kufalikira ku mbali zonse. Choncho, pali zikusiyana lithospheric mbale. chitsanzo umenewu umatanthauza pansi pa nyanja ngati chimphona conveyor lamba. Iwo akubwera pamwamba m'madera kugaŵikana kwa zitunda m'ma nyanja. Ndiye kubisala ngalande pansi pa nyanja.

Divergence lithospheric mbale kutambasuka amakwiya nyanja mabodza. Komabe, buku la dzikoli, ngakhale sichitha. chakuti kubadwa kwa kutumphuka yatsopano kulipidwa ndi mayamwidwe mbali ya subduction (subduction) mu ngalande akuya.

N'chifukwa chiyani kayendedwe ka mbale lithospheric?

chifukwa ndi matenthedwe convection chovala zinthu dziko. lithosphere The pansi pa mavuto ndi kuona kuwuka kwa zimene zikuchitika pa nthambi akwera wa otaya convective. Izi amakwiya kayendedwe ka mbale lithospheric mu dzanja. Monga mtunda kuchokera kugawanika kotereku kumachitika m'ma nyanja zimachitika nsanja chisindikizo. Ndi ankawonjezereka, pamwamba pake ndi adatchithisira. Ikufotokoza kuwonjezeka mu kuya zikuluzikulu. Chifukwa, nsanja kumizidwa mu kunkhondo. Ndi mphambu otaya wa damping mkangano chovala akamazizira ndi kugwa kupanga maiwe kuti ndizodzazidwa ndi m'dambo.

kugunda zone mbale lithospheric - izi ndi malo kumene kutumphuka ndi nsanja ali wothinikizidwa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mphamvu woyamba kuchuluka. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iwo amayamba ndi kayendedwe m'mwamba mbale lithospheric. Zimadzetsa mapangidwe mapiri.

kafukufuku

phunziro ikuchitika masiku ano ntchito njira geodetic. Iwo amati ndi kupitiriza ndi ubiquity njira. Limatinso zone kugunda lithospheric mbale. Zochotsa liwiro n'kutheka kuti millimeters khumi.

Cham'mbali lalikulu lithospheric mbale tiwolokere pang'ono mofulumira. Pankhaniyi, liwiro la kungakhale kwa masentimita khumi mu njira ya chaka. Mwachitsanzo, St. Petersburg wauka mita pa nthawi yonse linakhalapo. Scandinavia chilumba - 250 mamita 25 000 zaka. zakuthupi chovala amasuntha ndi pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, chifukwa cha zivomezi, kuphulitsa mapiri ndi zina zochitika. Izi zikusonyeza mkulu mphamvu kusuntha zakuthupi.

Ntchito udindo wa mbale tectonic ofufuza kufotokoza zochitika zambiri za miyala. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa phunzirolo chinapezeka kunja zazikulu kwambiri kuposa poyamba pa chiyambi cha zikamera wa kungoganizira, kuchulukitsa kwa njira kunachitika ndi nsanja.

Mbale tectonics analephera kuufotokoza kusintha mu mphamvu ya mapindikidwe ndi kayendedwe, pamaso pa zisathe maukonde lonse zolephera kwambiri ndi zochitika zina. Komanso amakhalabe funso lotseguka za chiyambi mbiri ya zochitika. Zizindikiro Direct njira mbale-tectonic amadziwika m'nyengo ya malemu Proterozoic. Komabe, chiwerengero cha ochita kafukufuku azindikira mawonetseredwe awo ndi Archean ndi oyambirira Proterozoic.

Kuchuluka mwayi kafukufuku

Kubwera kwa tomography zivomerezi wachititsa kusintha sayansi imeneyi ndi gawo lina. Cha m'ma Mipingo ya atumwi wotsiriza, geodynamics kwambiri wakhala kwambiri kuti achinyamata ndi malangizo a sayansi onse alipo lapansi. Komabe, kuti azigwira latsopano anachita ntchito osati tomography zivomerezi. Ife anathandiza ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka m'nyimbozo mineralogy experimental.

Chifukwa cha zida zatsopano zinayamba kutheka kuphunzira khalidwe la zipangizo ku kutentha ndi mavuto lolingana pazipita pa kuya chofunda. Komanso, kuphunzira ntchito njira isotope geochemistry. Izi maphunziro sayansi, makamaka pa isotopic bwino kufufuza zinthu, komanso mpweya chabwino zipolopolo zosiyanasiyana lapansi. Pa ntchito yomweyo poyerekeza ndi deta meteoritic. Geomagnetism ntchito njira imene asayansi akuyesetsa kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi zimayambitsa ndi njira ya mavuto m'munda maginito.

kupenta zamakono

Kungoganizira tectonics nsanja akupitiriza mogwira kufotokoza njira ya chitukuko cha kutumphuka a m'nyanja ndi m'maiko mwina zaka biliyoni atatu apitawa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali miyezo Kanema, malinga ndi zomwe anatsimikizira mfundo yakuti maziko alibe kuima mbale lithospheric a Dziko Lapansi. Chifukwa, chithunzi ena ukuonekera.

M'chigawo mtanda, pali atatu dziko achangu wosanjikiza. Mphamvu ya aliyense wa iwo ndi makilomita mazana angapo. Amaganiza kuti udindo waukulu mu geodynamics lonse apatsidwa pa iwo. Mu 1972, Morgan watsimikizira anapezerapo mu kungoganizira 1963. Wilson za plume likutuluka. chiphunzitso chake chodabwitsa nyese intraplate. Chifukwa plume tectonics kukukhala ndi otchuka kwambiri pa nthawi.

geodynamics

Mothandizidwa mogwirizana njira mwachilungamo zovuta kuti zichitike chobvala ndi kutumphuka. Malinga ndi mfundo anafotokoza Artyushkova ntchito zake "Geodinamika" monga gwero mphamvu yaikulu ndi Mphamvu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Zimenezi anati mu chovala m'munsi.

Pambuyo miyala anasiyanitsidwa zikuluzikulu ankawonjezereka (chitsulo, etc.), ndi opepuka kulemera zolimba. Imagwera mu ngale ya. Location mbandakucha wosanjikiza pansi wosakhazikika lolemera. Pa nkhani imeneyi, wambirimbiri zinthu Akusonkhanitsa nthawi mu midadada mokwanira zikuluzikulu, zimene kutuluka mu zigawo chapamwamba. Kukula kwa nyumba izi ndi za zana makilomita. Nkhanizi zinali maziko mapangidwe chapamwamba chovala.

Wosanjikiza m'munsi, mwinamwake amaimira chinthu chachikulu undifferentiated. Pa zamoyo wa dziko chifukwa chovala m'munsi pali kukula ndi kuwonjezeka mu pachimake chapamwamba. Zikuoneka kuti zidutswa za kuwala zinthu nyamuka pamodzi njira m'munsi chofunda. Iwo misa kutentha ndi mokwanira mkulu. kukhuthala Choncho kwambiri yafupika. Chulukitsani kutentha facilitates kusankha wambirimbiri mphamvu kuthekera pa chitunda yachabechabe yokoka pa mtunda wa pafupi 2000 Km. M'kupita kwa kayendedwe zokhudza Kutentha njira pali amphamvu kuwala kulemera. Mogwirizana ndi mankhwala amalowa pakhoma, ndi kutentha mokwanira mkulu ndipo kwambiri zochepa kulemera poyerekeza ndi zinthu ozungulira.

Chifukwa kachulukidwe otsika zakuthupi opepuka ukuonekera mu zigawo chapamwamba kwa akuya makilomita 100-200 kapena zochepa. Ndi kucheperachepera kuthamanga dontho limatsogolera mfundo zigawo zikuluzikulu thunthu. Pambuyo zosiyanasiyana koyamba kukuchitika mlingo wa sekondale "pakati penipeni pa chobvala". Pa kuya osaya zinthu kuwala isungunuke pang'ono. Zosiyanasiyana allocated lolemererapo mankhwala. Iwo amizidwa zigawo m'munsi mwa chovala chapamwamba. Kusanduka zigawo mbandakucha, motero, kusuntha kupita m'tsogolo.

Malamulowo lovuta chovala zinthu kugwirizana ndi kusokonekera kwa misa ndi machulukidwe osiyana chifukwa zosiyanasiyana amatchedwa mankhwala convection. Kukweza m'mapapo misa limapezeka pa pafupipafupi 200 Ma. Pa nthawi yomweyo oyamba a chovala chapamwamba sachita mwambowu konsekonse. Mu m'munsi wosanjikiza njira imakonzedwa pa mtunda mokwanira lalikulu Chrixitu (kuti makilomita zikwi zingapo).

zochotsa midadada

Monga tanena m'madera amene kumayambiriro misa yaikulu ya kuwala mkangano asthenosphere chuma, tsankho kusungunuka ndipo zosiyanasiyana ake. Zikatero pali kusankha zigawo ndi chitunda anayamba. Mwamsanga kudutsa asthenosphere lapansi. Pa kukwanilitsa lithosphere liwiro awo yafupika. M'madera ena, thunthu ndipamene limodzi ya chobvala anomalous. Zidzachitika zambiri mu zigawo chapamwamba dzikoli.

anomalous chovala

akuphatikizapo limafanana pafupifupi yachibadwa chovala mankhwala. Kusiyana anomalous kudzikundikira ndi apamwamba kutentha (mpaka 1300-1500 ° C) ndi kuchepetsedwa liwiro zotanuka mafunde kotenga.

Chiphaso cha chinthu pansi lithosphere ndi akapsa isostatic kulimbikitsa. Chifukwa kudzikundikira ndi kutentha nthenda mkulu ali osalimba poyerekeza chovala yachibadwa. Komanso, pali kukhuthala ka zikuchokera.

Mu ndondomeko ya chikuonetseratu kuti lithosphere anomalous chovala m'malo kufalitsa mwamsanga pamodzi m'munsi lapansi. Komabe, displaces kwambiri wandiweyani ndi zochepa mkangano mankhwala astenosphere. Ngakhale kusuntha kudzikundikira nthenda amadzadza m'madera amene nsanja yekha ali okwera boma (misampha), ndipo kwambiri kumizidwa dera izo anakulunga mozungulira. Motero, m'nkhani yoyamba pali isostatic kulimbikitsa. Pamwamba madera adalowetsedwa wa kotekisi akhala khola.

misampha

Njira yozizira chovala ndi wosanjikiza chapamwamba kotekisi kuti akuya pafupifupi zana makilomita wosakwiya. Ambiri, izo zimatengera ochepa miliyoni handiredi. Choncho nonuniformity mu makulidwe a lithosphere kufotokoza kutentha kusiyana yopingasa, ndi mokwanira mkulu inertia. Zikatero, ngati msampha lili kutali otaya oposa accumulations nthenda ya kuya, wambirimbiri chinthu entrained kwambiri usavutike. Izi zimachititsa m'malo lalikulu mchitidwe thanthwe. Malinga ndi dera zimenezi zinachitika pa mkulu okwera epiplatform orogenesis gawo mabacteria ndi apangidwe.

Kufotokozera za njira

Atsekerezedwa anomalous wosanjikiza pa yozizira pansi pa psinjika makilomita 1-2. Makungwa, yomwe ili pamwamba, limalephera. Mu ufa anapanga ziziyamba kuchulukana mvula. kusalekerera kumawathandiza agwera otsatira lithosphere. Chifukwa, kuya kwa dziwe akhoza kukhala 5 mpaka 8 Km. Pa nthawi yomweyo chovala pa compaction mu gawo m'munsi mwa basalt wosanjikiza mu kutumphuka zingaoneke mu miyala gawo kusintha eclogite garnet ndi granules. Chifukwa exiting ndi anomalous kutentha otaya kumachitika zinthu overlying ndi Kutentha chobvala ndi kutsitsa kukhuthala ake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali m'malo pang'onopang'ono lalikulu yachibadwa.

yopingasa kusamutsidwa

Mu mapangidwe kulimbikitsa mu ndalama anomalous chovala cha kutumphuka m'maiko ndi nyanja ndi kuwonjezeka mu mphamvu angathe kusungidwa mu zigawo chapamwamba dzikoli. Kuti bwererani nkhani owonjezera amakonda kumwazikana m'mbali. Chifukwa cha mavuto zina amayambira. Iwo akufotokoza osiyanasiyana mbale poyenda ndi khungwa.

Kukula kwa nyanja pansi ndi kusambira m'maiko ndizo zotsatira za kuwonjezeka munthawi yomweyo zitunda ndi akumira mu nsanja chofunda. Ili pansi pa misa yaikulu yoyambirira kwambiri mkangano anomalous mankhwala. Mu kutsinde gawo kumapeto kwa zitunda awa lili mwachindunji pansi matanthwe a. Lithosphere pano ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri m'munsi. Nthenda chobvala momwe kufalikira mu gawo pressurized - mbali zonse kuchokera lokwera lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo n'zosavuta zokwanira akuswa nyanja kutumphuka. mphanga A ladzala ndi basaltic chiphalaphala. Iye, nayenso ali smelted ku chovala anomalous. Mu ndondomeko ya solidification kwa chiphalaphala anapanga latsopano zikuluzikulu kutumphuka. Izi zimachitika pansi kufalikira.

ndondomeko Features

Pansi zitunda apakatikati anomalous chovala ali yafupika kukhuthala chifukwa kutentha okwera. Thunthu angathe kufalitsa mwamsanga. Mogwirizana ndi pansi izi pofalitsa limapezeka pa mlingo kuchuluka. Wotsika kukhuthala alinso zikuluzikulu astenosphere.

Kuweta Dziko Lapansi lithospheric mbale tiwolokere pa lokwera ku malo madzi. Ngati malo awa ali mu nyanja chomwecho, ndondomeko udzachitika pa liwiro ndi mkulu. Izi zili choncho lero kwa Pacific. Ngati pansi kufalitsa ndi akusunsa chikuchitika mu malo osiyana, izo ili pakati kulowerera chokhala mu njira kumene poyambira. Mu dziko lonselo astenosphere kukhuthala kuposa pansi m'nyanja. Chifukwa cha mikangano zikuchitika limapezeka kukana kwambiri kwa gulu. Izi kumachepetsa mlingo pa zimene patsogolo pansi zikachitika, ngati palibe kumiza malipilo chobvala mu dera limodzi. Motero, kukula kwa Pacific Ocean mofulumira kuposa mu Atlantic.