Kufotokozera za mfundo chidwi ndi kukula Jupiter poyerekezera ndi maplaneti ena

Jupiter ndi dziko chachisanu kuchokera Sun, yaikulu mu dongosolo la zowalitsa. Mikwingwirima ndi mapini pa pamalo ake ali ozizira, mphepo overclocked mtambo ongokhala ammonia ndi madzi. mkhalidwe uli makamaka hydrogen ndi helium, ndi odziwika Great Red malo - chimphona mkuntho kuti ndi lalikulu kuposa Dziko Lapansi, anapitiriza kwa mazana a zaka. Jupiter wazunguliridwa ndi 53 miyezi anatsimikizira, komanso nthawi 14, chifukwa okwana 67. Asayansi amachita chidwi kwambiri ndi zinthu zinayi yaikulu imene inapezeka 1610 ndi Galileo: Europe, Callisto, Ganymede ndi Io. Jupiter alinso mphete atatu, koma amakhala ovuta kwambiri kuona, ndipo sali kaso ngati kuti a Saturn. dziko chikutchedwa lopambana mulungu Roma.

Miyeso poyerekeza ya Sun, Jupiter ndi Earth

Ku dzuwa dziko ndi kuchotsedwa avareji makilomita miliyoni 778, amene ali 5.2 zakuthambo mayunitsi. Pa mtunda izi, kuwala muyenera Mphindi 43 kufika chimphona mpweya. Jupiter ndi kukula wachibale Dzuwa ndi chidwi kuti barycenter kwawo kuseri kuwala pamwamba pa 0.068 wa utali wozungulira ake. Dziko Lapansi ndi yokulirapo ndi zochepa wandiweyani. buku awo chiŵerengero cha 1: 1321 ndi kulemera - 1: 318. Kuchokera pakati pamwamba pa kukula Jupiter mu Km ndi 69911. Izi nthawi 11 onse kuposa lathuli. Jupiter ndi Dziko Lapansi kukula angayerekezedwe motere. Ngati lathuli anali khobidi, mpweya chimphona adzakhala ndi mpira wa. Kukula kwa dzuwa ndi Jupiter awiri pa chiŵerengero cha 10: 1, ndipo dziko misa ndi 0,001 misa nyale.

Mpita ndi kasinthasintha

Pa chimphona mpweya ndi tsiku yayifupi mu dongosolo la zowalitsa. Ngakhale kukula kwa Jupiter, tsiku pa dziko kumatenga za 10 maola. Chaka A kapena zisinthe mozungulira dzuwa amatenga zaka 12 Earth. equator ndi linapendekeka wachibale njira yake yozungulira madigiri 3 chabe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Jupiter imazungulira pafupifupi mu malo choimirira ndipo alibe kusintha kumeneku kukuonekera nyengo zimene zimachitika pa maplaneti athu ndi ena.

mapangidwe

Planet anapanga pamodzi ndi dongosolo lonse dzuwa zaka mabiliyoni 4.5 zapitazo, pamene yokoka zinachititsa kuti mapangidwe ake ku fumbi makina ndi gasi. Makulidwe a Jupiter amayamba chifukwa chakuti anatenga mbali yaikulu ya kulemera otsalira pambuyo mapangidwe nyenyezi. buku ake ndi kawiri kuposa ena nkhani ya zinthu zina mu dongosolo la zowalitsa. Amakhala ndi zinthu zofanana ndi za nyenyezi, koma kukula kwa dzikoli Jupiter wakhala silinachite zokwanira kuyamba zochita maphatikizidwe. Biliyoni zinayi zapitazo kunapezeka kuti mpweya wofunika kwambiri malo ake alipo dongosolo akunja dzuwa.

kapangidwe

The zikuchokera Jupiter ndi ngati dzuwa - makamaka helium ndi wa hydrogen. Nato mumlengalenga kuthamanga ndi kuwuka kutentha, compressing mpweya wa hydrogen mu madzi. Chifukwa cha ichi, Jupiter yaikulu nyanja mu dongosolo la zowalitsa, wopangidwa mwa haidrojeni m'malo madzi. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti pa akuya mwina theka ku likulu la dzikoli, kuthamanga amakhala choncho akuluakulu ma elekitironi maatomu wa hydrogen mwamtundu, lisanduke ndi electrically conductive madzi zitsulo. The kasinthasintha mofulumira chimphona mpweya mmenemo Mafunde magetsi kuti kupanga amphamvu maginito. Iwo akadali osadziwika ngati pali dziko chapakati pachimake pa nkhani olimba, kapena ndi wandiweyani msuzi koopsa chitsulo ndi mchere silicate (monga khwatsi) ndi kutentha 50 000 ° C.

pamwamba

Pamene chimphona gasi, Jupiter alibe pamwamba woona. Planet Amakhala makamaka wa onsewo mpweya zakumwa. Popeza spacecraft sadzakhala kutera pa Jupiter, iye sangathe kuuluka popanda kupwetekedwa. mavuto aakulu ndi kutentha mkati mwakuya dziko tulo, kusungunula ndi vaporize sitimayo kuti adzayesa kuti tilowe mu ilo.

m'mlengalenga

Jupiter amaoneka ngati amapereka zokongola magulu mtambo ndi mawanga. Gasi dziko mwina ali atatu osiyana mtambo wosanjikiza chake "kumwamba", amene pamodzi ulendo wa 71 Km. Pamwamba tichipeza amoniya ayezi. Wosanjikiza pakati zikuoneka kupanga timibulu hydrosulfide ammonium, ndipo mkati - ayezi ndi nthunzi. Bright mitundu wandiweyani magulu pa Jupiter mwina mpweya wa sulfure ndi mpweya phosphorous munali kuuka kwa subsoil ndi. The kasinthasintha mofulumira dziko amalenga wamphamvu mmene kanyamaka utuluke, kugwira nawo mtambo wautali wa mdima malamba sayenera lowala.

Chosowa pamwamba olimba angathe pang'onopang'ono, Jupiter amalola Madontho angakhale kwa zaka zambiri. Planet chimakwirira oposa khumi ndi awiri a ofala mphepo, ena kufika liwiro 539 Km / h pa dziko. Miyeso ya Red malo pa Jupiter kawiri aatali ngati Earth. Education swirling chowulungika kuonekera pa dziko chimphona kwa zaka zoposa 300. Posachedwapa, atatu ang'onoang'ono chowulungika anapanga laling'ono lofiira banga, za kukula theka la msuweni zikuluzikulu. Asayansi simumamudziwa kaya ovals ndi mikwingwirima encircling dziko osaya kapena kuwonjezera mpaka kozama.

Kuthekera kwa moyo

Ozungulira malo Jupiter mwina si abwino moyo monga tidziwa. Kutentha, kuthamanga ndi zinthu zomwe dzikoli zikuoneka kwambiri moti ndi tizilombo zamoyo. Ngakhale Jupiter ndi malo chodziwikiratu kuti zamoyo, sizili bwanji ena miyezi zambiri. Europe - amodzi mwa malo ambiri ayenera kuyang'ana kwa moyo m'dziko lathu dzuwa. Pali umboni kuti kuli pansi pa kutumphuka achisanu a nyanja yaikulu mu moyo akhoza kukulimbitsani.

makina

Ambiri ang'ono ndi anayi akuluakulu makina a Jupiter kupanga dongosolo dzuwa mu kakang'ono. The makina dziko 53 anatsimikizira, komanso 14 osakhalitsa, amene amapereka okwana 67. Pa makina awa kumene anapeza asayansi inanena ndi mayiko zakuthambo Union anawapatsa lakuti provisional. Mwamsanga pamene zili m'njira zawo zenizeni, iwo adzaukitsidwa chiwerengero cha okhazikika.

The anayi miyezi yaikulu - Europa, Io, Callisto ndi Ganymede - anali woyamba anatulukira mu 1610 ndi zakuthambo Galileo mukugwiritsa ntchito mtundu woyambirira wa zakutali ndi. miyezi anayiwa tsopano imodzi mwa mbali yosangalatsa ya kafukufuku. Io thupi kwambiri volcanically yogwira mu dongosolo la zowalitsa. Ganymede - waukulu wa iwo (ngakhale zazikulu kuposa dziko Mercury). Ilili wachiwiri kukula Jupiter - Callisto - ali wamng'ono zimaphala yaing'ono zikusonyeza kuti panopa digiri otsika ntchito pamwamba. Nyanja madzi ndi zosakaniza moyo angathe kugona pansi pa kutumphuka achisanu a ku Ulaya, kulipangitsa kukhala namuyesa chandamale cha phunziro.

mphete

Tidaonera mu 1979 ndi NASA a "Voyager 1" mphete Jupiter anali anadabwa, kuyambira analemba za particles mdima kukula yaing'ono, zomwe zitha kuwoneka ndi dzuwa. Data ku spacecraft "Galileo" kunena kuti dongosolo mphete akhoza popangidwa ndi fumbi meteoroids interplanetary inaonongeka pa yaing'ono miyezi lamkati.

magnetosphere

Gasi chimphona magnetosphere - dera la malo mchikakamizo cha amphamvu maginito dzikoli. Munthu wotere mtunda wa miliyoni 3.1 Km Sun kuti nthawi 7-21 kukula kwake Jupiter ndi tapers mu mawonekedwe a namchidwe mchira pa makilomita 1 biliyoni, kufika Saturn kanjira. A yaikulu maginito mu nthawi 16-54 wamphamvu kuposa Dziko Lapansi. Iwo imazungulira ndi dziko mzinda particles ndi mlandu magetsi. Near Jupiter izo limagwira wadzaoneni particles mlandu imathandizira kuti mphamvu kwambiri, kupanga cheza kwambiri kuti bombards ndi makina yapafupi ndi kuwononga spacecraft. The maginito imachititsa yosangalatsa kwambiri auroral mu dongosolo la zowalitsa pa mitengo yonyamulira ya dziko.

phunziro

Ngakhale Jupiter wakhala kuyambira akale, oyamba kuzipenya mwatsatanetsatane dziko zinalengedwa ndi Galileo mu 1610 ntchito makinawa achikale. Koma posachedwapa anapita ndege, nthambi ndi probes. 10 TH 11 TH "Apainiya", 1st ndi 2 "Voyager" kuti Jupiter woyamba anaulukira mu 1970, ndiyeno "Galileo" anatumizidwa ku kanjira mpweya chimphona, ndi mlengalenga anali adatchithisira kafukufuku. "Cassini" anapanga zithunzi zambiri za dzikoli njira yapafupi Saturn. Kenako Mission "Juno" anafika ku Jupiter mu July 2016

zochitika zikuluzikulu

• 1610: Galileo Galilei anapanga woyamba kuzipenya mwatsatanetsatane za padziko lapansi.
• 1973: choyamba spacecraft "Mpainiya 10" anawoloka asteroid lamba ndipo amapita mpweya chiphona.
• 1979: The loyamba ndi lachiwiri "Voyager" anapeza latsopano miyezi, mphete ndi ntchito chiphalaphala Io.
• 1992: February 8 anaulukira zapitazi Jupiter "Ulysses." Yokoka lasintha njira yodutsamo wa spacecraft kuchoka ndege ya ecliptic ndi, kusunthira kafukufuku mu kanjira yomaliza ya kum'mwera ndi mizati kumpoto kwa dzuwa.
• 1994: m'dera la Chigawo cha kum'mwera kwa Jupiter inawombana ndi makombo nyenyezi za yokonza nsapato-Levy.
• 1995-2003: spacecraft "Galileo" anagwetsa kafukufuku mu chikhalidwe cha chimphona gasi, namgwira kuzipenya yaitali dzikoli, mphete yake ndi nthambi.
• 2000: The "Cassini" anapanga njira zake pafupi ndi Jupiter pa mtunda wa pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10 makilomita lalikulu, kupanga mwatsatanetsatane mtundu zithunzi chifaniziro cha chimphona mpweya.
• 2007: The zithunzi zomwe zajambulidwa ndi spacecraft NASA Chatsopano M'maso pa njira Pluto, anasonyeza malingaliro atsopano a mikuntho mumlengalenga, mphete, chiphala Io ndi achisanu Europe.
• 2009: zakuthambo anaona nyenyezi kapena asteroid pa dziko kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi.
• 2016: anapezerapo mu 2011 "Juno" anabwera Jupiter ndipo anayamba mozama maphunziro a m'mlengalenga lathuli, matabwa ake zozama za magnetosphere ndi cholinga cha umboni uliwonse cha chiyambi chake ndi kusanduka.

Pop Culture

Kukula yaikulu kwambiri Jupiter si otsika ndi kukhalapo kwake kwambiri ano, kuphatikizapo mafilimu, mapulogalamu a pa TV, masewera ndi okhala. The mpweya chimphona wakhala mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu Wazopeka Zasayansi filimu alongo Wachowski "Jupiter Kukwera", nthambi zosiyanasiyana za dzikoli akhala malo a "Mtambo Atlas," "Futurama", "Halo" ndi mafilimu ena ambiri. Mu filimu "Amuna mu Black", pomwe Mtumiki J (Will Smith) ananena kuti mphunzitsi wake kuti iye ankaona ku Venus, Kay wothandizila (Tommi Li Dzhons) ananena kuti kwenikweni kwa mmodzi wa miyezi ya Jupiter.