Dziko France kulongosola. Mbiri ya France mwachidule. French Culture

Great mbiri, chikhalidwe, kwambiri sayansi ndi mafakitale angathe ali ndi kumadzulo dziko European, France. Kufotokozera za TV, mabuku, zojambulajambula, wowala kale unali wamphamvu zake pano akupatsidwa zikope tcheru cha anthu padziko lonse.

Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti dziko - kwambiri anachezeredwa ndi alendo lachilendo! Mmodzi limasonyeza kuti kwenikweni chidwi chikhalidwe cholowa cha Republic Chachisanu, ena - ndi achisangalalo tchuthi. Ngati - wokonda kuyenda, Mwina mukudziwa; mwa umafuna mabungwe kuyenda zonse losaiwalika ku France. Photo wa Tower Eiffel - mmodzi wa zithunzi otchuka pa Websites a ntchito ulendo. Kodi mwangozi? Mu 2013, France anachezeredwa ndi oposa 85 miliyoni nzika yachilendo. Pakati pawo - miliyoni alendo Russian.

Makampani, zoyendera

France anazindikira padziko lonse monga dziko wamphamvu mafakitale ndi agrarian. GDP ake - $ 2.6 thililiyoni. Kuyambira chilengedwere dziko la European Union anapambana, mwayi dziko ndi malo ake Hrs pakati pa Ulaya ndipo popitapita m'gawo lake la akuluakulu zamalonda European. France mu chuma dziko wagwira molimba udindo 6 umatha mafakitale.

Makampani, France yaikulu gawo la luso lopanga, zitsulo akakhala ndi nonferrous, petrochemical ndi makampani mankhwala, makampani kuwala, popanga mafutawa. Firii kotala ya makampani magetsi m'dziko amalandira chomera, izo likugwirizana dongosolo opangira magetsi. Pachikhalidwe mafuta ndi gasi imports ku dziko chifukwa cha kusowa madipoziti. France wolowa a za ulimi. alimi ake - antchito awa, iwo amapanga kotala wa linanena bungwe la lonse European Union.

Kodi wolemekezeka zoyendera zopezera dziko, amene ankatumikira ndi nzeru mkulu-liwiro njanji. Amaphunzitsa TVG, kuthamangira pa liwiro la 320 Km / h amanyadira za France. Photos akuti Tingaone pansipa.

Kutalika misewu dziko ndi 29 370 Km pa malo a kumtunda ake 535,3 thous. Km ^2. Iwo amakhala ndi mwayi wokwanira pa chitukuko cha mmene kukumana

Pakati pa mayiko a azungu, France ali mfundo pachikhalidwe wolemekezeka lachilendo yokhudza kukambirana ndi Russia, ngakhale Tikuona kuti mgwirizano pakati pa maiko awiri nthawizonse zakhala zovuta.

Mbiri yakale, kufupi kwambiri a m'mayiko awiriwa, chinali chilengedwe cha mgwirizano asilikali ndale, kunali kutha kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Luso la asapita m'firiji pamtunda amgwirizano anayamba Utatu Bridge anamanga ntchito Eiffel ku St. Petersburg, ndipo mlatho lili ndi dzina la Alexander III, kapena, mu Paris.

Policy France

France wakhala kukhala wochitachita mu chisankho mayiko monga membala wa bungwe Security pa UN. The Republic Chachisanu ndi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa wa bungwe la European ndi World Bank ndi dziko lapansi IMF a. Popeza May 2007, France wabwerera ku NATO (kuchokera North Atlantic bloc mu nthawi wake amasankha ndi Pulezidenti de Gaulle). Ambiri, malamulo a France, onse mkati ndi kunja, nthawi zonse amatsatira mfundo za kufanana chikhalidwe ndi demokalase.

zachitetezo

cholowa zida za nyukiliya amalola France kutsata wodziimira mfundo yachilendo. Asilikali mafakitale zovuta za Republic Chachisanu ndi kudzidalira ndi umabala uthunthu wonse wa zankhondo amakono mitundu. Komabe, dziko si nawo mpikisano manja. French asilikali Mosakayika amphamvu, koma okha ndi mfundo zokwanira sadziwa. Iye okhala ndi njira nyukiliya cholepheretsa mphamvu, analipo sitima zankhondo anayi nyukiliya, ndi za zana ndege - nyukiliya sitima zankhondo.

France: anthu

State kusangalala ndi ulamuliro wa mayiko mu dziko, nthawi yomweyo ali chiyembekezo chachikulu chitukuko kuposa mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya. Kodi osiyana ndi iwo dziko - France? Kufotokozera kusiyana zingatenge tsamba kuposa wina.

Timasiyanitsa chinthu chimodzi: vuto pafupifupi maiko onse EU ndi mitundu okalamba. Komabe, yotsirizira sizikuwakhudza Republic Chachisanu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku panopa analandira ndi countrymeters malo. Dziwani, chiwerengero cha anthu mu dziko lino la 16:00 07.05.2014 chaka ndi anthu 64.075.783. Choncho kuyambira chiyambi cha chaka ine ndinabadwa mu dziko la 394.563 mwana ndipo anafa pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana 281 236 anthu.

Komanso, kuchuluka kwa anthu mu dziko kuphunzira kumathandiza kuti zinthu monga kusamuka ukonde. chithunzi ake chaka chino pa 16:00 pa 07.05.2014 chaka - 46 874 anthu.

Choncho, kuchuluka kuyambira chiyambi cha 2014 pa tsiku limenelo anakwana 160 208 anthu.

Gawo, nyengo

Kodi kunyumba kwa anthu French? ndi madera a dziko lino chiyani? French eni anaitanidwa kunyumba nyenyezi awo. Chifukwa chiyani? Tiyang'ane mapu ndipo mudzaona zimene maphunziro a dziko France. Kufotokozera za malire ake, kulumikizanitsa 22 chokhala ndi matauni aakulu (ife osaganizira ndi 5 kunja amu), ananena kuti pa mapu France kwenikweni kumaoneka ngati nyenyezi zisanu zisonga. Dziko nyenyezi ... Achikondi! Pamafunika pafupifupi 20% ya m'dziko la European Union.

malire ake apanyanja ndi kutalika 5500 Km. kugombe France ndi osambitsidwa ndi Nyanja Mediterranean kum'mwera, kumadzulo - Atlantic, kumpoto - English Channel.

Pamlingo waukulu, mwa magawo awiri a m'gawo lake, France - dziko ndi lathyathyathya. Komabe, mtunda izo - neodnoobrazny. Mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa nsanja aakulu Alps ndi Jura mapiri. Pakati bodza Vosges, kumpoto - ndi Ardennes, kum'mwera chakumadzulo - Pyrenees. mitsinje ndi yaitali - Loire, womwe unali kuya - Ron kukhetsa Paris beseni khoka likuyenderera mu dziko la kwawo la d'Artagnan Garonne. Dongosolo la mitsinje inayi kuti kuyenda mu nyanja ya Atlantic ndi njira zimagwira yothiriridwa dziko France. Kufotokozera za maonekedwe a nyengo yake ndi chidwi. Kum'mwera kwa France, ndi subtropical, kumadzulo - Atlantic, kuchokera kum'mwera - Mediterranean, m'chigawo chapakati - chokhala. Kuposa kotala la dziko aphimbidwa ndi nkhalango.

mbiri chikhalidwe

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa Republic Chachisanu kotero amakopa alendo ndi zomangamanga. alendo ake amatchedwa opangidwa zodabwitsa. Pa gawo French akadali anasunga nyumba Romanesque: Mwachitsanzo, Bwalo la maseŵera mu Nimes, Romanesque mpingo, tchalitchi wodzipereka kwa kuphedwa wa Toulouse, ndi Saturninus woyera. Komabe, ngakhale kwambiri wotchuka French akachisi Gothic anamumanga zaka XII-XV.

Alendo amakopeka ndi pamakoma molemera chokongoletsedwa atapanga iwo kanjedza mwala, mkulu, ananena nsanja, ananena zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso othimbirira galasi luso. Pakati wotchuka nyumba Gothic wa Reims Cathedral, umene unachitika pa coronation mafumu French, Notre Dame de A Paris, komwe Mfumu Napoleon I. anavekedwa

XVI m'ma chinathandiza m'maganizo a zomangamanga a Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Cultural mbiri ya France pa nthawi, yodziwika ndi erection a nyumba, chateaux, kapena ngati iwo amadzitcha French. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri - chinyumba cha Amboise anamanga ndi mzera wa Valois, amene gawo anaikidwa namatetule Leonardo da Vinci, d'Ngati m'linga, amene anali ngati malo a kubadwa kwa nthano mkaidiyo - Iron Chigoba, nkhani zomwe ife kuuzidwa dzina lake Aleksandr Dyuma, Chambord Nyumbayi - yapamwamba okhala mafumu.

XVII m'ma analowezedwa zomangamanga a oyengeka kalembedwe Baroque, m'mawu zovuta zazikulu yachifumu. Zitsanzo za izi akhoza kukhala Versailles - waukulu wachifumu zogona. France m'ma 19 chikhalidwe zinali zodzaza ndi kalembedwe wina - classicism, osati zomangamanga komanso maluso abwino. Kamangidwe ka nthawi imeneyi potsirizira pake anazindikira ntchito mapulani mapulani a chikufunika m'tawuni. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19 kupenta French wakhala mtsogoleri zikomo dziko kuti ojambula zithunzi monga Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas. Mwatsoka, zofunika French kupenta linasokonekera Nazi ntchito yake.

Mbiri ya boma kuti: Merovingian mzera

Chidwi ena ikusintha zinthu zokhudza bomalo. Pa m'gawo lake kuchokera kalelo kunali chitukuko: m'nyengo ya Roma, kunali mbali ya Ufumu lalikulu ngati chigawo cha Gau.

Germany fuko Afulanki, motsogozedwa ndi Mfumu Clovis, woyambitsa wa Merovingian mafumu, anagonjetsedwa mu BC V atumwi. e., kuzemba ulamuliro wa Aroma. Mbiri wotsatira wa France akhoza mwachidule kuperekedwa kwa zaka zambiri monga kusintha kwa kulamulira achepetse ang'onoang'ono.

mphamvu Merovingian wofooka, ndi atumiki akale, meya wa panyumba ya mfumu, anali chikoka kukula. Mmodzi wa iwo, Pepin Short (bambo Karla Velikogo), m'zaka VII, anatenga mpando wachifumu kupeza mphamvu franc limati, woyamba ndi mafumu Carolingian.

Carolingian mzera

Wotchuka mwana wa Pepin anakwanitsa kulumikizana ambiri a ku Ulaya dziko (kuphatikizapo dera la France) mu ufumu limodzi.

Komabe, popezera mpata mphamvu ya boma ija, ogwirizana chodabwitsa wachikoka Karla Velikogo, anali anasiya pambuyo pa imfa ya mwana wake, Ludwik Ine achipembedzo. Ufumu wogawanika pakati Karolingov ana atatu.

Mu West-Wachifulanki ufumu ili France, anayamba kulamulira mwana wamng'ono wa Ludwik I - Charles ndi dazi. Mu X atumwi France (iye adatchula) anali slaboupravlyaemuyu ang'onoang'ono inasokoneza dziko. Izi ndi anagwiritsa ntchito Scandinavia, kutsogozedwa ndi konung Rollo, popeza anapambana m'chigawo ake kumpoto ndi kuitana Normandy ake (Normandy pansi). Cholinga cha ku Norway Viking wopanda khalidwe anali kupambana yekha ufumu, kuti, zoona, anachita.

mafumu Capet

Chaka 987 m'malo otsiriza a Carolingian, yemwe analibe mwana Louis ndi V, pa behest wa atumiki yachifumu ku mpando wachifumu, anakhala pansi pa Chiwerengero Gugo Kapet, woyambitsa wa Capetian mafumu, njira yachitatu mu mbiri za dziko. Mu nyengo iyi ya mfundo yachilendo ya France zochepa misonkhano ndi zamkati - kuti nkhondo za chipembedzo mu dziko. Mu nthawi ino ankhanza, pamene kulamulidwa ndi mabanja, mbiri ya France ndi zakambidwa mwachidule ngati m'malo a achepetse ulamuliro wa nthambi lateral. Motero m'malo Capet mu 1328 anadza mzera wa Valois, kulamulira kuti anadza zaka mazana nkhondo, Joan waku Arc ft Brittany kugonjetsedwa, reunification a dziko, nkhondo ya pakati Achiprotestanti (Huguenots) ndi Akatolika. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa otsiriza a Valois, Henry III wa, mmonke Jacques Clement, anatengedwa ndi Mgwirizano wa Akatolika, France anayamba kulamulira kutsidya nthambi Capetian - Bourbon mafumu.

The French kuukira boma

Mbiri ya mafumu a France inaimitsidwa kwa Louis XVI, wosadziŵa kazembe, akumenya maphwando ndi kuchotsedwa zochitika boma. Pamene pakhala kuchepa chitukuko mafakitale France, precedents njala, nkhondo pakati pa anthu olamulira ndi anthu. Views pa kuvunda ufumu mwapang'onopang'ono gawo la French Society (zikuphatikizapo bourgeoisie atsogoleri ndi otchuka) kwambiri bwino anasonyeza nzeru zapamwamba Montesquieu. Iye anaitana mfumu mphamvu nagawa ikuyendera anthu ndi kudzitengera mwa ufulu kwachikhalire wa strata zosiyanasiyana za anthu. chidani Izi wakula mu French kuukira boma, chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic Choyamba.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya dziko m'malo anthu atagwada anasankha ufulu, azimai fraternity. Anthu ndimangokhalira m'manja, iwo akufuna kuti akhale nzika. Zimenezi zinachitika mu France!

Chiyambi cha zisinthe anali ngati itachita wa Bastille 17.07.1789, Louis, Mfumu ya France, anaphedwa, mlandu kukhoti monga nzika Louis Capet kwa kudzitengera mphamvu ndi woukira boma. Mapeto a zisinthe anatumikira monga reactionary zokhumba 09/11/1799, ndi mkulu wa boma monga chiwalo chachikulu cha mphamvu chosintha anali inert ndiponso operewera. Komanso, linagawanika izo, membala otchuka a Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, makamaka zinachititsa kuti mphamvu ya Napoleon Bonaparte. French asilikali kukonda ndi kulemekeza osasunthika ndi cholinga Chikosika mphatso machenjerero zosafanana.

A mndandanda zina za kusintha kwa boma dongosolo French - ndi mndandanda wa mayiko ndi maufumu.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Ine analanda mphamvu, nalalikira yekha Mfumu ya chaka 18/05/1804. anthu ake kuti atithandize, anakweza iwo kuchokera pansi pa asilikali muyezo wa talente usilikali ndipo anamanga mu adzasonkhanitsa - Bessières, Jourdan, Lannes, Lefebvre, Massena, Murat, Ney, Soult, Suchet. Komabe, pa ndime nawo ndipo adzasonkhanitsa anali olemekezeka: mapeyala, Davoust, Macdonald, Marmont, Serryure. A mndandanda wa kupambana kwakukulu kwa Napoleon mu Prussian, Polish, Austria, kampeni Aigupto kunali kutha kwa Russia. "Nkhondo Dubina anthu", monga mmene analembera za nkhondo kukonda dziko lako za 1812. L. N. Tolstoy, ndi juggernaut losagonjetseka udzaphwanya pamaso pa asilikali a ku France, kugonjetsa onse a ku Ulaya. Kukangana Kutuzov Napoleon anali anatsimikiza mtima wa Mihaila Illarionovicha. Iyo inali njira wanzeru ya nkhondoyo ndi waluso pulani. Utatha wa ufumu Napoleon ndi Nkhondo ya ku Waterloo mu 1814, boma lachifumu kunabwezeretsedwa France.

chachiwiri Republic

06/04/1814, ndi French Senate, amene wapanikizidwa opambana mayiko, anatenga kusankha kubwezeretsa Bourbon mafumu mu umunthu wa Louis XVIII. Atamwalira mu 1824, mphamvu ankadutsa Charles X. The kusakhutira wa French maganizo royalist utumiki Polignac ndi kusalaza ufulu wawo, umatulutsa zisinthe, pa kusaina Mfumu 07.25.1830, malamulo anayi zinachititsa July utasintha ndi kulanda mphamvu kwa Bourbon mafumu zake Orleans nthambi ankaimira Louis-Filippom Orleanskim. Icho chinali choyamba owolowa manja zisinthe ku Ulaya, mutu wa dziko akutchedwa "bourgeois mfumu". Ulamuliro wa Louis Philippe anaonekera m'firiji pamtunda yaitali chifukwa bourgeoisie, ndi nkhani ya patsogolo mofulumira wosanjikiza uyu wa anthu ndi mafakitale. Komabe, boma lake anali kukuchitika ziphuphu. Mfumu ankamuda iye anali pa mndandanda wa kuukira. Ndipotu boma la escalate zinthu mu dziko, chimene chinapangitsa kuti zisinthe wina mu 1848 - February.

Chishango mfundo za demokalase munaukitsidwa kachiwiri. Dziko wakhala kumanja pulezidenti (pulezidenti woyamba wa France). Iwo anasankha mphwake wa Napoleon - Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.

Komabe, mfundo ya pulezidenti wakhala ophimbidwa. Mu mawu, analonjeza nzika za ufulu ndi utumiki wake kwa iwo Kwenikweni - kuti atiyankha kusamukira kubwezeretsa ufumu. 02.12.1851, pa tsiku la nkhondo ya Austerlitz, iye imayendetsedwa ndi asilikali inasokonekera Assembly Zokonza, nalalikira yekha Mfumu Napoleon III. Komabe, chiwembuyo aluso anali "wosadziŵa States", malinga ndi Otto Bismarck, chidwi iye pa Sedan mu 1870, pa Franco-Prussian nkhondo.

chachitatu Republic

France anatuluka nkhondo ndi kusainira pangano mtendere ndi Prussia ndi kulanda otsiriza a zigawo zake ziwiri kum'mawa kwa Rhine chigwa: ". Chipata pakati pa Germany ndi France" nkhalango otetezeka Alsace ndi Lorraine pamalo abwino ofunika

Mbiri posachedwapa France, ndipo ndi nthawi ku First World nkhondo mpaka pano, pa siteji oyambirira a kugwirizana ndi mtundu uwu wa boma, monga Republic Chachitatu. Zinatha mpaka 1940, kwambiri kulimbitsa French dongosolo Republican ndi dongosolo multiparty.

The Republic Chachitatu anabadwa mu kukumana wamagazi. Theka-alibe, Socialists ndi n'ngopandukira 26/03/1871, pambuyo kugalukira ku Paris, anthu osakhutira ndi mafumu Napoleon III, ndipo anakhazikitsa boma, ndi zoona - woyamba m'mbiri ya mawonekedwe a ulamuliro wa proletariat, ndi Paris kulankhula.

Flag France amaoneka chimodzimodzi pa okwatiranawo wa Paris kulankhula. Izi galu ndi mikwingwirima ofukula: buluu, yoyera, ofiira. Pamaso pake, chizindikiro cha dziko anali mbendera yoyera ndi maluwa yachifumu. Pafupi ndi kutsinde - buluu mtundu, zimenezo chofunda cha St. Martin, woyang'anira woyera wa France. White likuimira umulungu, ofiira anali achilendo Oriflamma polemekeza St. Dionisiyo akulemekezedwa mu dziko.

Popular kugalukira wosweka ndi mphamvu ya monarchists manja. Prussia ichi mofulumira kuti atulutse andende nkhondo. Makamaka chifukwa iwo McMahon yagoletsa 130,000th wake Chilango asilikali.

Komabe, nthawi iyi monarchists sanali mu mphamvu. National Assembly - wamkulu Republican ntchito motsogozedwa ndi boma la Pulezidenti Adolfa Terri bwino. France anali kukonzanso umatha mafakitale pambuyo Prussian nkhondo. Komabe, monarchists anagwira kanthu, m'malo Thierry bwino mgwirizano boma, lomwe linafotokoza utsogoleri wa Patrice MacMahon. Iye anayamba Mafumu anavomera malamulo. Koma zolinga za monarchists si adzabwera woona. Mu 1875, a ndiwofatsa Senate, kusankha mtundu wa boma kwa dziko ndi malire a voti imodzi, komabe ine anasankha mabwalo.

The pulezidenti woyamba wa mbiri yamakono ya France (kuchokera mu 1913 mpaka 1920) anali Raymon Puankare. Mu ulamuliro wake udindo wa Russia ndi France monga gulu limodzi, ngati kuli kotheka chimodzimodzi padziko lonse. Komabe, French bourgeois boma, asymmetrically osauka chuma kuti kudziunjikira chuma, sanathe kwathunthu kukonza dziko lingathe, okwanira Nazi Germany nkhondo adani. Mu 1940, chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwa France mu World nkhondo II Republic Chachitatu anakomoka.

Republic chachinayi

Mu 1946, Assembly Constituent la France watengera malamulo a Republic Chachinayi, amene anatsimikiza za pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko. Mwapamwamba malamulo thupi, National Assembly lopangidwa ndi nyumba m'munsi - National Assembly, ndi pamwamba - Bungwe la Republic. Zinali pulezidenti-aphungu Republic ndi amphamvu mphamvu wamkulu. Kutsogoza anali chitukuko cha positi-nkhondo kukhazikitsanso lingathe dziko. Kukhazikitsa yothandiza kwambiri ndi nationalization izo analenga wamphamvu boma gawo, zimene zinaphatikizapo ndege, magalimoto, gasi ndi mafakitale malasha. Zisanu kutsogolera mabanki French akhalanso anthu. chitukuko Economic anakonza Secretariat wapadera General, lotsogoledwa ndi Zhan Mone. Chifukwa, likulu anayamba kunadetsa aganyali chuma French, katundu wake ku dziko wakhala utachepa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba iye ali ku Republic Chachinayi mu patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu ndi izo zakhala mfundo zokhudza France. Antchito, ogwira ntchito paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi anayamba kumanga nyumba angakwanitse, izo wakhala m'zinenero maphunziro ndi kusamalira thanzi.

Mapangidwe demokalase ku Republic ndi Chachisanu

Nthawi ya Republic Chachisanu, umene unayamba ndi 1958 Constitution la de Gaulle mpaka nthawi ino, wotchedwa Republic Chachisanu. Izi - nthawi ya kukhwima wa dongosolo la ndale la m'dziko limene France anabwera nazo njira yake yapadera mbiri. Yamalamulo zabwerera m'mbuyo mwa ufulu wawo. Si iye, ndi anthu onse French osankhidwa pulezidenti watsopano. Komanso, mtundu wa Pulezidenti wa boma, chinanena mu izo, analola mutu wa boma pa vutoli kutenga boma mphamvu zopanda malire. Zpani zambiri 79% ya anthu amapereka Constituion, ndipo pambuyo pa miyezi 3, de Gaulle anasankhidwa pulezidenti wa dziko. Kake unadziwika ngati "Gaullism." Lake Yodziwika maganizo palokha mfundo yachilendo ya France. Kuwonjezeka ntchito chuma gawo boma. Makampani zina zamakono kukopa ndalama zakunja. Anakonza chitukuko cha madera. Mphamvu ya malamulo amenewa anali nacho zikutsimikiziridwa ndi idamva mayendedwe a chitukuko chuma pafupifupi France a European.

Limagwirira wa demokalase wa Republic Chachisanu

Zolondola mapangidwe inapatsidwa kwa iye ndi Nduna kale Villepin: Pulezidenti potsogolera boma - ulamuliro, ndi nyumba yamalamulo ndi chinkhoswe mu malamulo. Mfundo amafotokoza ndi utsogoleri amphamvu, imayang'anira nkhani yachilendo ndondomeko ndi asilikali mafakitale zovuta.

Pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Pakuti motsata ake ndi malamulo amatsatira Council Constitutional.

Pa nthawi yomweyo buku la akuti Pulezidenti limanenedwa ndi kukhalapo ambiri ovomereza a boma yamalamulo. Walembapo malamulo ndiponso ufulu kuthana mtundu kulengeza referendum.

Boma la France kuyambitsa malamulo, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu chiphunzitso cha malamulo. Yamalamulo (wapangidwa m'chipinda chapamwamba - wanyumbayi ndiponso m'munsi - National Assembly) kuganizira malamulo kusodza akufuna ndi boma. The Constitution limaletsa Assembly National kuti kukonzanso, kuwatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka ndalama bajeti.

Komabe, nyumba yamalamulo ali ndi ufulu kukhala ndi chidaliro m'boma ndi voti ambiri, ndi kuchotsa iye.

Pomaliza

France XXI m'ma monga mphamvu dziko kalasi molimba amasonyeza mphamvu za ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi nkhawa kuti kuteteza mfundo dziko.

France ndi mzati wa demokalase ndi malo dziko la chikhalidwe. nzika tsogolo la dziko kuona Europe atsopano ndi zinthu - mu kukhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito ya nyumba Trans-European.