Kodi lalikulu ndi? Kodi kupeza mfundo yachigawo ndege aone kuti pali, voliyumu ndi zotsalira za njira lalikulu?

Poyankha funso kuti kodi lalikulu, zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa. Izi zidalira pa amene munali nkhani imeneyi. The woimba ananena kuti lalikulu - 4, 8, 16, 32 mipiringidzo kapena jazi improvisation. The mwana - ndi masewera ndi mpira kapena magazini ana. chosindikizira adzakutumizirani kuphunzira wosasintha kukula ndi zipangizo - mitundu zitsulo-mbiri.

Pali zambiri makhalidwe ena mwa mawu, koma lero ife ndikufunsani funso masamu. Kotero ...

Kuthana ndi chithunzi ichi, ife pang'onopang'ono, kuchokera ku zocholoŵana, ndi kuyamba ndi mbiri ya lalikulu. Monga anaonekera, monga adazindikira mwa anthu, asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndiponso chitukuko?

Mbiri ya kuphunzira lalikulu

Ancient dziko amaona lalikulu, makamaka ngati mfundo zinayi. Ambiri, ngakhale quads ambiri, pa lalikulu waukulu chiwerengero - anayi. Kwa Asuri ndi lalikulu la Peru - dziko lonse, ndiye akuimira anayi malangizo waukulu kampasi lapansi.

Ngakhale thambo ngati lalikulu ndi, anagawa m'magulu anayi - masomphenya a North America. Pakuti Aselote, chilengedwe - ndi mochuluka monga atatu lalikulu, zinapeza malo okhala, ndiponso kuchokera pakati pa mitsinje inayi ikuyenda (!). Ndipo Aiguputo onse ankalambira chithunzi ichi!

Anafotokozedwa koyamba mitunduyi masamu lalikulu Ahelene. Koma kwa iwo, polygon uyu ali ndi makhalidwe okha zoipa. Pythagoras sanali ngakhale manambala, poganiza kuti iwo ofooka ndi chachikazi.

Ngakhale zipembedzo pano lalikulu. Mu Islam, pa Al-kaaba - Mchombo wa dziko lapansi - si ena ozungulira, ndicho mawonekedwe kiyubiki.

Mu India, ndi grapheme waukulu woimira dziko lapansi, kapena chizindikiro lapansi, anabatizidwanso lalikulu. Kachiwiri, tikulankhula za mfundo kadinala anayi, zigawo zinayi za dziko lapansi.

Mu China, lalikulu - ndi dziko mogwirizana ndi dongosolo. Chisokonezo ndi anagonjetsa nyumba lalikulu Siyanitsani. lalikulu A alembedwa bwalo, ndi maziko a kuona dziko, chikuyimira umodzi ndi kugwirizana za thambo ndi dziko lapansi.

Chikunja Russia - Square Svarog. chizindikiro umenewu umatchedwanso Svarog Star kapena Star la Russia. Ndi zovuta, monga wapangidwa intersecting ndi mizere chatsekedwa. Svarog - mulungu wa blacksmiths, mlengi chachikulu, mlengi ndi thambo yokha mu ulaliki wa Lazaro. chizindikiro ichi ndi rhombus, amene anafotokozanso za Earth ndi malangizo ake anayi. Ndipo nyenyezi ndi kunyezimira anayi - 4 m'mphambano za dziko lapansi, Lika Svaroga 4 - kudziwiratu wake. A ray mphambano - pakati.

Zosangalatsa za lalikulu

Wotchuka kwambiri mawu amene mumaganiza za protagonist athu - "Black Square".

chithunzi Malevich akadali chotchuka kwambiri. Mlembi atalenga ake akhala zowawa funso icho chiri ndi chifukwa wakuda lalikulu yosavuta pa maziko oyera imatiuza yokha.

Koma ngati inu tione bwinobwino, mungazindikire kuti ndege lalikulu ndi zopinga, ndipo mu ming'alu ya inki yakuda ndi ya mithunzi Mipikisano wachikuda. Zikuoneka pachiyambi panali zikuchokera, amene wolemba sanali, ndipo anatseka izo ku maso athu chithunzi ichi. Black lalikulu monga chirichonse - dzenje wakuda, koma ndi matsenga lalikulu mawonekedwe. opanda A amadziwika kukopa ...

Wina wotchuka kwambiri "matsenga mabwalo". Ndipotu ndi - tebulo, kumene, lalikulu wodzazidwa ndi manambala mu pagawo lililonse makamaka. Uwerenge manambala awa ali chimodzimodzi kwa mizere onse, mizati ndi diagonals (payokha). Ngati diagonals ndi kuchotsedwa aone kuti pali, ndi lalikulu - semimagic.

Albrecht Dürer mu 1514 analenga kupenta "Melancholia Ine", amene anafaniziridwa ndi 4x4 matsenga lalikulu. Iwo powombetsa chiwerengero cha mizati, mizere, diagonals, ndipo ngakhale lalikulu lamkati ndi makumi anayi.

Pamaziko a matebulo awa anali chidwi kwambiri ndi otchuka chithunzi - "Sudoku".

Maegipito akhali woyamba kuchita interconnection mzere chiwerengero (tsiku lobadwa) ndi makhalidwe, luso ndi luso la munthu. Pythagoras anatenga chidziwitso cha izi, pang'ono kukonzedwa ndipo anaikidwa lalikulu. Zotsatira zake zinali m'bwalo la Pythagoras.

Iwo ali m'dera osiyana mu manambala. Kuchokera tsiku la kubadwa kwa munthu kuwerengetsa powonjezera chiwerengero chachikulu anayi anaikidwa Pythagoras Square (lalikulu). Ndipo anaika zinthu zonse zobisika za mphamvu yanu, thanzi, talente, mwayi, makhalidwe komanso zinthu zina pa maalumali. Pafupifupi yolondola akufufuza 60% -80%.

Kodi lalikulu ndi?

Square wotchedwa zojambula chithunzi. Mawonekedwe lalikulu - quadrilateral, amene ali mbali ofanana ndi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino. More ndendende, ndi quadrangle otchedwa zolondola.

Khwalala ali Zizindikiro zake. Ali:

• mbali kutalika wofanana;
• kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ofanana pakati pawo - molunjika (90 madigiri).

Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa ndi mbali ya bwalo lofanana mbali akhoza lolembedwa ndi kukufotokoza momuzungulira. Bwalo circumscribed ndi tangent onse mfundo zake alembedwa - pakati pa mbali yake. cholinga chawo chidzakhala lifanane ndi malo a lalikulu ndi adzagawana ake onse diagonally mu theka. Otsiriza, nayenso, ndi ofanana ndi kugawa ngodya a lalikulu m'magulu ofanana.

Mmodzi opendekera ukugawa lalikulu mu awiri isosceles Triangles, awiri - anayi.

Choncho, ngati kutalika kwa mbali ya lalikulu - T, kutalika kwa utali wozungulira bwalo circumscribed - R, ndi alembedwa - r Mukhoza, ndiye

• apakati m'munsi malo kapena dera lalikulu (S) ndi wofanana S = T ² = 2R ² = 4r ^2;

• apakati wozungulira P ayenera kuchita masamu ndi chilinganizo P = 4t = 4√2R = 8r;

• kutalika kwa utali wozungulira bwalo R = (√2 / 2) T;

• yomangira - r Mukhoza = T / 2.

A m'munsi dera lalikulu akadali zosatheka kuwerengetsa, podziwa mbali yake (a) kapena kutalika kwa opendekera ake (c), ndiye njira adzaoneka motero: S = ² ndi S = 1 / 2c ^2.

Kodi lalikulu ife tiri kupezedwa. Tiyeni tione mfundo, chifukwa chithunzi cha lalikulu ndi rectangle symmetrical. Iye ali asanu nkhwangwa chosokonekera, ndi munthu (wachinayi-kuti) umadutsa pakatikati ndipo perpendicular kwa ndege ya lalikulu, ndipo ena anayi - ziwiri chosokonekera olamulira, awiri a iwo kufanana m'mbali, ndi awiri ena kudutsa opendekera a lalikulu.

Njira yomanga apakati

Kuchokera pa tanthauzo, zikuoneka kuti palibe mosavuta kuposa kumanga lalikulu wangwiro. Izi ndi zoona, koma pokhapokha muli ndi zipangizo zonse kayesedwe. Ndipo ngati chinachake palibe?

Tiyeni tione njira alipo, zimene zingakuthandizeni kuti timange chithunzi ichi.

Kuyeza wolamulira ndipo anapereka lalikulu - izi ndi zipangizo zazikulu kudzera zimene mungathe mosavuta kumanga lalikulu.

Poyamba, mulembe mfundo, kunena A, tidzamanga pa izo m'munsi lalikulu.

Kugwiritsa wolamulira, panjirazo lamanja mtunda wofanana ndi kutalika kwa mbali Mwachitsanzo 30 mm, ndipo anapereka mfundo B.

Tsopano, mfundo ziwiri, ntchito gon perpendiculars Yendetsani chala kuti mamilimita 30. Malekezero a perpendiculars akonzedwa mfundo C ndi D, amene chikugwirizana ndi mzake, ntchito wolamulira - onse ABCD lalikulu ndi mbali 30 mamilimita wokonzeka!

Kugwiritsa mkulu ndi protractor ndi N'zosavuta kupanga lalikulu. Yambani, monga mmene zinalili m'mbuyomu mawu Mwachitsanzo N, kupatulapo imeneyi ake yopingasa Mwachitsanzo 50 mm. Ikani mfundo O.

Tsopano likulu la protractor ndi kugwirizana ndi mfundo H, ndi checkbox mu ngodya ⁰ 90, therethrough ndi mfundo H kumanga ofukula gawo 50 mm kumapeto ake ndi mfundo P. Komanso, m'njira imeneyi kumanga gawo lachitatu kuchokera mfundo O ndi makona 90 ⁰ 50 mm, tiyeni linatha mfundo P. LUMIKIZANI TIMADONTHO R ndi R. inu tayenda OGMF lalikulu ndi mbali kutalika 50 mm.

N'zotheka kupanga lalikulu, pogwiritsa ntchito kampasi ndi straightedge. Ngati muli ndi kukula zofunika a lalikulu ndi amadziwika kutalika kwa mbali, izo muyenera ndi Chiwerengero.

Choncho, kuika woyamba mfundo E - ichi adzakhala iwo za mfundo za lalikulu. Kenako, sankhani malo momwe udzakhazikitsidwe zosiyana vertex F, mwachitsanzo kudikira opendekera HEDGEHOG chithunzi chanu. Ukamanga lalikulu kukula, ndi kutalika kwa mbali, kuwerengera kutalika kwa opendekera wa njira:

D = √2 * komwe ndi - mbali kutalika.

Kamodzi inu mukudziwa kutalika kwa m'litali opendekera ya hedgehog kumanga mtengo uwu. Mfundo E ndi caliper motsogozedwa mfundo F ajambule semicircle wa utali wozungulira hedgehog. M'malo mwake, kwa mfundo F - semicircle kwa mfundo E, ndi utali wozungulira chomwecho. Kudzera mphambano mfundo za izi theka-mabwalo, ntchito wolamulira, lembani gawo kugwirizana. Hedgehog ndi GI intersect pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi diagonals ndi tsogolo la apakati a. LUMIKIZANI TIMADONTHO UOM, IL, ZHZ ndi WE ndi mtsogoleri, inu adzalandira alembedwa lalikulu EIZHZ.

Adakali n'zotheka kupanga lalikulu ndi mzere umodzi. Kodi lalikulu ndi? Izi gawo ndege njanjira ndi intersecting zigawo (mizere cheza). Motero, tikhoza kumanga apakati pa ndondomeko ya mfundo zake. pogwiritsa Choyamba nkhwangwa. Mbali lalikulu angathe kugona pa iwo, kapena mphambano ya diagonals wa pakati chikugwirizana ndi mfundo za chiyambi - izo zimatengera chilakolako kapena vuto lanu zinthu. Mwina chithunzi yanu spaced kwa olamulira pa mtunda wina. Mulimonsemo, chizindikiro choyamba cha mfundo M'ndandanda (mosintha kapena salembedwa), mfundo ziwiri, ndiye mudzakhala mbali kutalika lalikulu yodziwika. Ife tsopano tikhoza kuwerengera ndondomeko ya otsala mfundo ziwiri, podziwa kuti mbali ya lalikulu ndi ofanana ndi mnzake ndipo yomweyi. Chinthu lomaliza - kulumikiza madontho onse pa mndandanda ndi mzake ndi mtsogoleri.

ndi mabwalo chiyani?

Square - chithunzi zodziwika bwino ndi mosamalitsa okha matanthauzo awo, kotero yonse ya mabwalo musati amasiyana zosiyanasiyana.

Khwalala Euclidean Masamu zimaoneka kwambiri ambiri - ndi quadrilateral ndi mbali ofanana ndi ngodya, koma mlingo wa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino si mwasankha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino mwina madigiri 120 ( "otukukira kunja" lalikulu), ndipo Mwachitsanzo, madigiri 72 ( "concave" lalikulu).

Ngati mudzapempha chimene ndi apakati pa masamu kapena sayansi, iwo ndikuuzani inu kuti - ndi lathunthu kapena planar Zithunzi (mizati K ₁ kudzera K _4). Ndipo ndi zoona mwamtheradi. wotchuka uja ali mfundo ndi m'mbali. Pouka mu awiri analamula, kupanga Zithunzi. chiwerengero cha mfundo - ichi ndi dongosolo la Zithunzi za chiwerengero cha m'mbali - kukula kwake. Choncho, lalikulu - ndi planar Zithunzi ndi mfundo zinayi ndi m'mbali umodzi, kapena K _4: 6.

mbali ya lalikulu

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kuli lalikulu - pamaso pa mbali ofanana kutalika - kupanga mbali n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuwerengetsera. Koma nthawi yomweyo amapereka njira zambiri lalikulu mbali kutalika inaŵerengeredwa pamaso pa zosiyanasiyana deta gwero.

Kotero, momwe kupeza phindu lalikulu?

• Ngati tikudziwa kutalika kwa opendekera wa lalikulu D, ndiye inu mukhoza kuwerengera malangizo a chilinganizo otsatirawa: a = D / √2.
• The m'mimba mwake mwa bwalo lolembedwa ndi mbali ya mbali zinayi zofanana, choncho kawiri utali wozungulira, ndiko: a = D = 2R.
• The utali wozungulira bwalo kungathandizenso adzaone zomwe ndi mbali ya lalikulu. Tingapeze utali wozungulira R awiri D, amene nawonso, ndi wofanana ndi opendekera wa apakati D, ndi chilinganizo cha opendekera a lalikulu mwa ife tikudziwa: a = D / √2 = D / √2 = 2R / √2.
• Kuyambira Kuyanjana pakathi pa amasonyeza kuti kuphunzira mbali ya mbali zinayi zofanana (a) Ndi kudzera wozungulira ake P ndi malo S: a = √S = P / 4.
• Ngati tikudziwa kutalika kwa mzere amene amapita ku ngodya a lalikulu ndi mitanda pakati pa mbali moyandikana C, ndi ife athe kupeza zomwe ndi kutalika kwa mbali ya lalikulu: a = 2C / √5.

Umo ndi momwe njira zambiri pali kuona chizindikiro zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga kutalika lalikulu.

buku lalikulu

Mawu akuti palokha ndi chotheka. Kodi lalikulu ndi? Izi ndi ndege chithunzi ndi magawo awiri - m'litali ndi m'lifupi. Ndipo buku? Izi ndi mapangidwe kachulukidwe wa malo wotanganidwa ndi chinthu, ndiko kuti, kuchita masamu yekha mu matupi buku.

Anazungulira thupi, onse amene nkhope mabwalo - ndi kyubu. Ngakhale kusiyana wautali kwambiri ndipo achikhazikitso, ophunzira kawiri kawiri amayesetsa kuwerengera buku la apakati a. Ngati ali munthu zinayenda bwino, ndi Nobel Prize amaperekedwa.

Ndipo kupeza buku la kyubu V, ndi okwanira kuti achulukane onse atatu a nthiti yake - ndi, b, c: V = munthu * b * c. Ndipo popeza ndi tanthauzo ofanana, njira amaoneka mosiyana: V = ^3.

Amakonda mbali ndi makhalidwe

Lalikulu, komanso polygon iliyonse, pali pamwamba - ichi ndi mfundo zomwe mtanda wa iye. Pamwamba pa bodza lalikulu pa bwalo anafotokoza mozungulira icho. Kudzera pakati pamwamba lalikulu mu opendekera chimafikira, amenenso ndi bisector ndi utali wozungulira bwalo circumscribed.

Popeza lalikulu - lathyathyathya chithunzi, ndiye kudula ndi kumanga lalikulu mtanda chigawo sizingatheke. Koma kungakhale chifukwa cha mphambano ambiri bulky thupi ndege. Mwachitsanzo, yamphamvu ndi. Ofananira mbali yamphamvu ndi - ndi rectangle kapena lalikulu. Ngakhale lalikulu zingachitike pa mphambano ya ndege ya thupi mwanjila iliyonse!

Koma lalikulu pali maganizo wina ku gawo mtanda, koma ena, koma kwa gawo golide.

Ife tonse tikudziwa kuti Golden alionse m'dzikoli pali - chiŵerengero imene mtengo wina anafotokoza kuti wina komanso ndalama zawo kuti mtengo wina waukulu. Mwachidule, kuchuluka izi motere: phindu Buku (kuchuluka) lagawidwa peresenti 62 ndi 38.

Chigawo golide chotchuka kwambiri. Izo ntchito mu kapangidwe, zomangamanga, inde kulikonse, ngakhale mu chuma. Koma si chiwerengero anachokera mwa Pythagoras. Pali Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale mawu akuti "√2". Pa maziko ake yomanga rectangles mphamvu, womwe ndi oyambitsa akamagwiritsa gulu A (A6, A5, A4, etc.). Chifukwa tikulankhula rectangles zazikulu? Chifukwa yomanga awo akuyamba ndi mbali zinayi zofanana.

Inde, choyamba muyenera kumanga lalikulu. mbali yake adzakhala ofanana mbali ang'onoang'ono a rectangle za m'tsogolo. Ndiye muyenera kugwira opendekera a lalikulu ndi ntchito kampasi, kutalika kwa opendekera ola kupitiriza lalikulu. Kuyambira mfundo analandira pa mphambano ndi kumanga rectangle amene opendekera kachiwiri kumanga ndi kulepheletsa m'litali mbali kutambasuka. Ngati inu kupitiriza kugwira ntchito pa zolinga zawo, adzalandira rectangles zazikulu kwambiri.

The chiŵerengero cha mbali yaitali lalifupi ndi rectangle woyamba ndi 0,7. Ndi pafupifupi 0,68 mu gawo golide.

M'makona a lalikulu

Ndipotu, chinthu chatsopano kunena za kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi zovuta. Onse katundu, iwo ndi zizindikiro za lalikulu, ife kutchulidwa. Koma ngodya, anai a iwo (monga quadrangle chilichonse), aliyense ngodya a lalikulu - mzere wolunjika, kuti, ali ndi kukula madigiri nainte. Ndi tanthauzo, pali lalikulu anayi. Ngati m'mphambano za akuluakulu kapena ang'onoang'ono - ichi ndi chithunzi osiyana.

Opendekera a lalikulu limagawidwa mu theka m'makona ake, ie iwo ali bisectors.

aone kuti pali khwalala

Ngati ndi kotheka kuwerengera phindu magnitudes osiyana mu lalikulu ndi (lalikulu amayesetsa wozungulira mbali kapena diagonals) ntchito maikwezhoni zosiyanasiyana zichokera kwa katundu wa lalikulu, ndipo malamulo yaikulu ya malamulo Masamu.

1. aone kuti pali m'dera lalikulu

Kuchokera maikwezhoni kuwerengera m'dera quadrilateral, ife tikudziwa kuti (dera) ndi mankhwala a m'litali ndi m'lifupi. Ndipo ngati mbali lalikulu zofanana kutalika kwake, dera zidzakhala wolingana ndi kutalika kwa mbali zonse, anamanga mu mlingo wachiwiri

S = ^2.

Ntchito Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Pythagorean, tingathe kuwerengera dera apakati kudziwa kutalika kwa opendekera.

S = D ^2/2.

2. aone kuti pali kukafika kutsogolo lalikulu

Kukafika kutsogolo kwa lalikulu, komanso quadrangles onse, wofanana ndi mtengo wa utali wa m'mphepete Mwake, ndipo popeza kuti onse mofanana, tinganene kuti m'bwalo la wozungulira ndi kufupika mbali, kuchulukitsa ndi zinayi

P = ndi + ndi + ndi + ndi = 4a.

Kachiwiri Pythagorean Lingaliro Lovomerezeka amatithandiza kupeza wozungulira mwa opendekera. M'pofunika kufunika kwa kutalika opendekera kuchulukitsa ndi mizu awiri awiri

P = 2√2d

3. aone kuti pali opendekera a lalikulu

Opendekera a lalikulu ali wofanana intersect pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ndi analekanitsa mphambano mfundo ziwiri.

Mungapeze pamaziko a maikwezhoni pamwamba a m'dera ndi kukafika kutsogolo kwa lalikulu ndi

D = √2 * ndi, D = √2S, D = P / 2√2

Pali njira kupeza kodi kutalika kwa opendekera a lalikulu ndi. The utali wozungulira bwalo alembedwa lalikulu ngati munthu wofanana ndi theka la opendekera, choncho

D = √2D = 2√2R, kumene D - awiri, ndi R - ndi utali wozungulira bwalo alembedwa.

Kudziwa utali wozungulira bwalo circumscribed, kuwerengera opendekera sizivuta, chifukwa ndi awiri, ndi i.e. D = D = 2R.

Ndi zosatheka kuwerengetsa kutalika kwa opendekera, kudziwa kutalika kwa mzere akutuluka ngodya ku likulu la lalikulu C: D = √8 / 5 C.

Koma musaiwale kuti lalikulu - chiwembu ndege, njanjira ndi mizere anayi intersecting.

Mizere (ndi akalumikidzidwa anapanga kuti) pali maikwezhoni zokwanira musati amafuna kufotokoza zambiri, koma mzere zambiri. A zochepa polygons mizere mphambano. Pakuti iwo n'zotheka ntchito liniya maikwezhoni amaphatikiza liwulo mizere molunjika. Koma m'pofunika mwachindunji magawo zina, zinthu.

Kudziwa polygons m'pofunika kuti apange aone kuti pali chotero kuti akhoza kufotokoza osati mzere koma osiyana umasinthasintha imeneyi popanda kusokonezedwa ndi mawu zina ndi malongosoledwe.

_{[X / × ine] [} × ine / x] * Y ine - ichi ndi aone kuti pali wapadera polygons.

The m'mabokosi lalikulu amaonetsetsa kuti chikhalidwe zosiyana ndi gawo fractional adawerengedwa, ndiye tiyenera kusiya kokha nambala lonse. Y _ine - ntchito amene ali mu uthunthu wa chizindikiro × kuti × _i.

Kugwiritsa aone kuti pali ichi, ife tikhoza ndi aone kuti pali latsopano kuwerengera zotalika ndi mzere wopangidwa mwa zigawo zingapo. Ndi zofunika, konsekonse chifukwa polygons.

Kumbukirani kuti lalikulu - ndi mbali ya ndege, choncho kufotokoza ake a mtundu Y = f (x) akhoza ankaimira, nthawi zambiri monga Mipikisano ofunika ntchito, zimene pamapeto, tingasonyezere lomveka ngati zikuchokera parametrically, amene amadalira pa ndi chizindikiro t:

× = f (T), Y = f (T).

Choncho, ngati ntchito mu aone kuti pali molumikizana chilengedwe ndi chifaniziro parametric, ndi n'zotheka amapeza ndi aone kuti pali chifukwa mawu a polygons:

x ((A2 + A3) * A5 + A4 * P) * Ko (L)

Y = ((A1 + A4) * A5 + A3 * P) * Sin (L),

kumene

A1 = [1 / [T / P]] * [T / P]; A2 = [2 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 2]; A3 = [3 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 3]; A4 = [4 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 4]; A5 = TP * [T / P],

kumene P - opendekera wa rectangle ndi, L - mbali ya ndingaliro kwa yopingasa, opendekera P, T - chizindikiro osiyanasiyana mu P osiyanasiyana kuti 5P.

Ngati L = 3,14 / 4, ndiye aone kuti pali pofotokoza mabwalo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi kukula kwa opendekera P.

Ntchito lalikulu

Masiku ano zipangizo zamakono amakulolani angagwirizanitse zipangizo zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe lalikulu, kapena yeniyeni apakati pa mtanda chigawo.

Izi zimadalira yabwino, mtengo, cholimba kwambiri ndi otetezeka. Choncho, tsopano mipope lalikulu, milu, waya (Kulumikizana), ndiponso chingwe lalikulu.

ubwino Main ndi zoonekeratu, iwo anabwera kuchokera Masamu pulayimale. Ndi yofanana bwalo alembedwa a dera lalikulu kakang'ono kuposa dera lomwe chinafalikira, chotero, matulukidwe kapena mowa mphamvu ya chubu lalikulu la mawaya lalikulu kukhala apamwamba kuposa analogs kuzungulira.

Nthawi zambiri consumables lalikulu kwambiri aesthetically zokondweretsa ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kukhazikitsa, phiri.

Posankha zinthuzi n'kofunika molondola kuwerengera lalikulu mtanda chigawo ndi waya kapena chitoliro anatsutsana katundu kutero. Pa mayesero onsewa, ndithudi, zidzafunika magawo monga mphamvu panopa kapena kuthamanga, koma wopanda malamulo zofunika zojambula a lalikulu sangachite pano. Ngakhale kukula kwa gawo lalikulu si kwambiri masamu monga osankhidwa ndi magawo opatsidwa matebulo anauyamba alendo kwa mafakitale zosiyanasiyana.