Malamulo chandalama: zitsanzo. Features ya malamulo malamulo

Ambiri mwa njira kunachitika ubale wa anthu anthu wamba, malonda, ndale, amatsatila malamulo. chitukuko - ndondomeko, njira ndi ochititsa potsata zinthu zambiri - kuchokera makamaka mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe chitukuko cha boma zawo pandale. Ndi yaikulu ndi chinthu lonse.

Kudzera njira chilengedwe cha zida malamulo amene amasonyeza malamulo zogwirizana kumachitika kuchita? Malamulo oyendetsera dziko ndi mlingo mwapadera kwa mwachizolowezi? ndi malamulo mawu a gulu awo? Kodi tanthauzo mawu a chitukuko ndi mfundo yolekanitsa mphamvu?

ndi lamulo chiyani?

Tingamasulire ena terminology. ndi mfundo za lamulo ladziko chiyani? Malinga ndi mmodzi mwa kutanthauzira ambiri, zikutanthauza ulamuliro, gulu kumangako mabungwe pansi pa lamulo. Chimene chinavomerezedwa ndi maulamuliro, komanso kuyang'anira ndi iye mu mawonekedwe a kuyan'anila zotheka. Dziwani kuti mawu akuti "lamulo" ndi "lamulo" Masiku maloya Russian mukukhulupirira n'chimodzimodzi. Ngakhale chovomerezeka, ndi yofanana mu kutanthauzira. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa lamulo sangakhoze kumvetsedwa ulamuliro wokhazikitsidwa ndi boma, monga mwa nthawi zonse, mawu abwinobwino za maganizo a kampani kapena munthu gulu khalidwe chitsanzo chake sindiye codified mu malamulo.

ndi mbali zapadera lamulo chiyani? Choyamba, ndi Dziwani kuti iwo yodziwika ndi lathu chikhalidwe. ulamuliro chinthu mwina anthu onse kapena magulu payekha, mu zikafika poipa - ntchito kufufuza. lathu Personal si khalidwe la lamulo, chifukwa amanena, ndithudi, osati ntchito.

The mfundo imene ulamuliro wa chilamulo cha Russian Federation ndi mayiko ena zinthu - ndi generalization ya katundu, monga nthumwi ngati n'kotheka amasonyeza chitukuko panopa ubale pakati pa zinthu za lamulo. Amene ina gwero la malamulo cholinga mofanana bwino kugwiritsa zofuna za gulu la anthu, kapena, monga tanena kale, lonse la anthu.

riziki malamulo umalimbana malamulo ntchito zinthu za kuti ndi makhalidwe ofanana, zochokera Mwachitsanzo, ntchito, gulu chikhalidwe, zaka, etc. Ngati tikulankhula za anthu onse, pali zambiri amatanthauza mtundu wa anthu kapena dera kumene akukhala.

Vuto la ubale pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe

Vuto lalikulu kwa wopanga malamulo, amene limafalitsa malamulo malamulo, - kufunika kuonetsetsa kugwilizana ndi zinthu zopezeka mu zinthu, zimene zimachitika mmadera. Kapena gawo la iwo limene zogwirizana ndicho chilamulo. M'magulu malamulo pafupifupi dziko lililonse padziko lapansi ali chilamulo opanda ungwiro. Zitsanzo za izi zimapezeka mu Russia. Komanso mwa chilamulo (onse okhudzana zizolowezi ndi amene tikugwira kafukufuku m'munda wa chilamulo) anatsegula zokambirana pa phunziro la kusankha ndi njira yaikulu ya kumvetsetsa chilamulo.

Pali anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti ayenera idzachitika (ngati nkotheka) kuwerenga chilamulo. Ndiko kuti, ayenera kutsatira tanthauzo la chinenero alipo lemba la chilamulo, m'lingaliro ochiritsira. Koma pali loya amene ali pafupi kutanthauzira kwa malamulo malamulo. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti munthu sayenera kuwerenga zomwe zinalembedwa m'chilamulo kwenikweni. More ndendende, n'zotheka, koma pokhapokha ngati palibe chifukwa kwambiri kukayikira kufunika ali zokhudza malamulo kuti vuto lenileni.

Chilamulo ndi Makhalidwe Abwino

Ponena za mbali yachiwiri, pamene pali kutanthauzira kwa malamulo malamulo, ndi udindo waukulu ndiye amamuona maloya ambiri, umagwira gulu monga makhalidwe abwino. Munthu udindo kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo anaika mu malamulo, motsogozedwa ndi maganizo ambiri la zinthu ziliri m'munda ataphimbidwa ndi malamulowo. Ndipo chifukwa lamulo amachitira, kuyambira mu malo oyamba, chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro, osati chifukwa chakuti amanena zamalankhulidwe.

Pali mbali zina ziti zimene makhalidwe sangakhale zogwirizana kwambiri chigawo chimodzi cha tiligwiritse ntchito za lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ndalama ndi malamulo lolamulira ntchito za mabanki, ayenera kukhala zochepa sachedwa kutanthauzira. kulunjika likunenera kuwerenga ovuta ntchito ndi manambala.

Mitundu ya malamulo malamulo

Maloya malamulo malamulo ogaŵikana mitundu itatu chachikulu - kumanga, oletsa ndiponso kupereka chilolezo. The malire pakati pa iwo akhoza kukhala umasinthasintha ndithu. Mwachitsanzo, ena mchikhalidwe ndalama ndi malamulo, tikapitiriza kulankhula za iwo, angakhale ena maudindo banki chapakati kutipatsa ufulu onani ngongole malonda ndi mabungwe ena azachuma, pa zina - kuti zinzawozo Bank ku Central kutero ndi nthawi yoyenera. Nthawi zambiri, zochita malamulo dongosolo zikusonyeza zinayendera zina za mavuto limapatsa chakudya angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa patsogolo maziko, ndi kokha pamene wina ya zinthu - kumanga. The vuto iwowo.

Pali zifukwa zina gulu la malamulo malamulo. Iwo, mwa njira, akhoza bwino amathandizana amene ife tatchulawa. Tikuyankhula zokhudza gulu la malamulo pa discretionary, kuvomerezedwa ndi okhulupirika. Iwo amene ali oyamba kulola ufulu wina wa nkhani udindo kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Iye akhoza kudzifunsa kapena ayi kugwiritsa ena ulamuliro kapena ayi nkosaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi umenewu? malamulo unsankhula amati ena sewero zina, koma si ntchito malo. Motelo, nayenso, sizikutanthauza zina zimene mungachite chilichonse kupatulapo amene zolamulidzwazo potsata mwambo. Kodi classifications onse correlate ndi mzake? Ndi yosavuta. Monga ulamuliro, obliging ndi oletsa malamulo a kuyesetsa kapena okhulupirika. Limapatsa zambiri dispositive.

Lamulo amatenga Society

Mu ankhanza demokalase pali ndondomeko imene mbali ya malamulo malamulo monga chizindikiro monga chikhalidwe chikhalidwe cha chiyambi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo mwachindunji kapena ayi anayambitsa anthu. Limagwirizana kuti zochita zake malamulo ena a boma. Zitsanzo za imene anthu ali nawo kukhazikitsidwa kwa awo - ndi referendum, Assembly anthu. Ngati tikulankhula mozungulira njira nawo anthu mu chitukuko cha malamulo zogwirizana, nthawi zambiri anapatsa mphamvu zokonza malamulo ndi yamalamulo.

mchikhalidwe mwadongosolo malamulo

A malamulo malamulo anatengera pa mlingo wa boma, ndi nawo anthu, kuphatikiza dongosolo loyenera. Kungaphatikizepo magwero, njira ulamuliro pa mlingo wa magulu osiyana siyana, si zogwirizana zina. Komabe, chakudya cha zochita malamulo, mfundo ndi ndondomeko kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo, i kwa dzuwa awo Pankhaniyi adzakhala ndi chikhalidwe zokhudza zonse. The yamasika wamba kulamulira magwero ndi m'makalata osiyana ndi lathu chikhalidwe.

Lamulo ndi boma

Kodi State ndi kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga ndi chithandizo cha machitidwe a dongosolo la malamulo malamulo, osati kuphatikizapo njira kuonetsetsa umwana awo? Kuyankha funso ili ndi kuyang'ana pa mfundo yolekanitsa mphamvu. Kukula kwa malamulo malamulo ali okha ndi wina wa nthambi zitatu - malamulo. Koma palinso ndi mabwana milandu. Choncho, udindo wa boma - osati mu buku la malamulo malamulo, komanso kuonetsetsa kuphedwa awo, komanso chigamulocho m'mabwalo a mikangano zotheka pa kutanthauzira malemba ena.

Imodzi mwa njira yofunika chimango zomwe mgwirizano pakati pa nthambi zina za boma (makamaka amene kupereka ntchito ya nthambi Yolamula), - lamanja la kukakamiza. boma limafuna kukwaniritsa zofuna za malamulo a anthu onse amene ali okhudzidwa. M'mayiko ndi dongosolo anayamba malamulo sikuloledwa m'malo malamulo ena a malamulo imene inayamba kunja mabungwe a boma (kupatula milandu pamene analoledwa lamulo lokha). Zitsanzo angapezeke ngakhale mu mchitidwe Russian. Makamaka a Civil Code lili ndichisangalalo, chimene kusaina mapangano a boma kuti mitundu anakhazikitsa ndi miyezo akhoza m'malo ndi malonda mwambo, akamanena za amene si bwino sizinatchulidwe kulikonse - akuchokera miyambo ya makamaka kudera la Russia. Koma m'chilamulo ambiri yapachiweniweni - ndi limatiphunzitsa makhalidwe kampani kapena magulu munthu constituent.

Ena amanenera, mbali yaikulu kasamalidwe malamulo a ndondomeko chikhalidwe atenge wamkulu ndi malamulo, ndipo milandu. Zimene zikhoza zalumikizana? Choyamba, ndi makhalidwe dongosolo malamulo, ntchito m'dziko makamaka chofunika kwambiri zimene pamapeto, anatsimikiza makamaka mbali ya chikhalidwe komanso mbiri ya chitukuko dzikolo. dongosolo limeneli ndi liti? Tiyeni tione iwo.

Roma ndi achingelezi chilamulo

Malamulo a mu mayiko osiyana ntchito mu chimango cha machitidwe anthuwo. Komabe, mu dziko lero, aliyense wa likulowa miyezo ya dziko kuti kudziwa chikhalidwe ndi zotsatira za lamulo, njira imodzi kapena wina akuganizira mmodzi wa padziko lonse mfundo zokhudza zonse lawmaking. Ngati ife kulankhula za m'mayiko olemera, mu machitidwe awo otchuka awiri ofanana - Chiroma-Germany ndi achingelezi. ndi mbali ya aliyense wa iwo?

Monga mbali ya dongosolo Romano-Germany wa kugwira ntchito kwa kachitidwe dziko malamulo ndi codified magwero. Ndiko kuti, malamulo zokwanira, ndi Choncho - mu mawonekedwe mwatsatanetsatane kuti mankhwala izi kapena kuti ulamuliro chinthu kuchita zinthu mwa malamulo. Kungakhale ambiri malamulo a mayikowo, zinalembedwa kachidindo osiyana. Kapena Mwachitsanzo, chakudya zoyendetsera asapita kumabungwe yeniyeni ya chuma. Codified mu dongosolo Romano-Germany komanso lamulo lirilonse chigawenga.

Limagwirira imene malamulo apa amadzisankhira otsogolera a mabungwe aphungu ndi wamkulu. Machitidwe malamulo ndi chikalata okha pa ndime ya ena malamulo ena mkombero wa zokambirana ndi approvals.

ndi makhalidwe a achingelezi chitsanzo chiyani? Popeza kuti ndiwo malamulo izo - chitsanzo milandu. mfundo ndi yakuti lamulo monga tanena pamwamba, likuvomerezedwa ndi anthu kapena referendum, ndi njira zofanana naye kapena anthu ndi kuwagawira mphamvu zake nyumba aphungu. Komabe, chitsanzo cha lamulo zofunika chosiyana kwa yolowera mphamvu. Lonse malamulo ndondomeko ndi kugwira kumva. Pamene kusankha yoyenera adzakhalanso, kumakhaladi gwero munali zonse, chitsatiridwe mfundo malamulo. Zitsanzo za m'mayiko ntchito ya achingelezi chitsanzo - United States, England, Canada.

The zachilendo milandu akusonyeza, komanso lamulo, cholinga cha lamulo. Monga ulamuliro, ndi gulu chikhalidwe ndi maonekedwe ofanana amene amatchulidwa zipani mlandu - ndi odandaula, wotsutsana kapena mlandu. Tiyeni tione chitsanzo.

Munthu wina anali kuyenda mu msewu usiku ndi atagwera mwangozi gawo la sukulu oyang'anira tauni ya mzinda wa Jacksonville. Alonda anaitana apolisi, ndi nzika anamangidwa pa kukayikitsa cholinga kuika sukulu ena kuwonongeka. mlandu imene cholinga wogonjera sanali kutsimikiziridwa, koma munthu anapezeka waphwanya malamulo alipo oletsa kulowererana pa chuma oyang'anira tauni. The chifukwa ndi chitsanzo cha khalidwe lotsatira - Jacksonville ndi zosavomerezeka kulowa m'dera la sukulu oyang'anira tauni madzulo. Pali kumanga malamulo a boma. Tsopano okhala mumzinda US kusamala makamaka pa madzulo woyenda m'dera wa sukulu ziwalo. Kumene, pali precedents malamulo mu dongosolo malamulo Roma Germany. Komabe, iwo alibe mphamvu ya malamulo, choncho sangathe ntchito kunja milandu kumabwalo. Iwo sachita kumanga, m'mayiko kumene amphamvu achingelezi malamulo miyambo.

maloya ambiri amanena: malire pakati pa machitidwe awiri a malamulo, anatchula amakonda ndi blurring pang'onopang'ono. Mu US, mwachitsanzo, kukhala zofunika kwambiri malamulo nthawi - iwo amene analandira ndi nyumba zamalamulo a limati, kapena, ngati tikukamba za mlingo la feduro, Congress. M'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya, precedents milandu, ngakhale kufunika kwake zazing'ono poyerekezera ndi malamulo, ayamba kugwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri mu kuthetsa mikangano mu mawonekedwe a yazamalamulo, ndipo de A facto zambiri kutumikira malamulo monga boma.

Lamulo ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko

Monga mbali ya zomwe kachitidwe ali ukugwirira ntchito malamulo mayiko malamulo pokhapokha pa mlingo mtundu ntchito zofanana kwambiri mfundo lawmaking chabwino? Kwenikweni, cholinga pano ndi pa harmonization za kayendetsedwe. Imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za malamulo adziko lonse lapansi - kwa malamulo kuyesetsa mofanana chokwanira kusonyeza njira ya chitukuko cha anthu padziko lonse monga athunthu kapena zigawo munthu wa dziko, Pakati ubale zimamangidwa m'madera ena.

China zochita mayiko - umphumphu wa limagwirira malamulo. Iye bwinobwino liyense funso lofunika kwambiri. Mokakamizidwa mayiko angapo akhoza kukhala zochita okhawo, amene ali yemweyo mfundo kuphedwa milandu onse, kuti ndi zovuta.

Chimodzi mwa zikalata waukulu malamulo ndi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi - kwa Vienna Msonkhano Wachigawo wa 1969. Mmenemo, makamaka, izo ananena kuti mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko awiriwa ayenera kumangidwa pa mfundo za kufunika yaikulu yokhudza lamulo lokhazikitsidwa pa mlingo lonse. malamulo ayenera kapena kutsatira chakudya cha mayiko kumadera mozama, kapena kutanthauza patsogolo lachiwiri malamulo. Ngati boma, kumanga mfundo malamulo, mfundo imeneyi si anati, angathe itachotsedwa zogwirizana mgwirizano zachilengedwe pakati pa maiko m'munda malamulo.

chikalata china chofunika - Chikalata pa Mfundo za m'Chilamulo International, anatengera mu 1970. Ndi, makamaka, ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha lamulo, limene pali kukhulupirika mfundo. Chilengezo limanena kuti ophunzira mu mgwirizano wa mayiko ayenera kucheza pankhani ya chitukuko cha malamulo chimango cha njira muyezo logwirizana. Mpukutuwu uli ndi mfundo zimene States sayenera oongoka. Tiyeni tione iwo.

1. Mfundo kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi boma wina ndi mzake.

Kukhulupirika m'zigawozo mayiko, komanso ulamuliro wawo ndale, adzakwapulidwa chosakayikitsa malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. N'zotheka alowererepo pa zochita zawo ndi asilikali ayenera anavomera pa mlingo UN.

2. Kuthetsa nkani zochimwilana pakati m'njira kuti musawononge anthu padziko lonse.

nkhondo monga njira chigamulochi mkangano ayenera kukhala mathero palokha. Boma ankaona kuti kuthetsa kusamvana mwamtendere.

3. Mfundo sanali phukusi la boma limodzi mu zochitika za ena, luso kuthetsa mavuto mkati yamtunduwu yake.

Ngati dziko akhoza kuthana ndi mavuto okha, malamulo adziko lonse adzatenge kuti ena amalowerera thandizo lawo.

4. States ayenera akulakalaka chifukwa cha mgwirizano mangawawo.

Mfundo imeneyi imasonyeza izi kamba zogwirizana ya hayala UN.

5. anthuwo ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira, komanso pa maziko ofanana.

ameneŵa angapo a achilamulo ndi kuwamva monga kupereka gwero mitundu mapangidwe limati latsopano palokha.

6. mayiko Wamkulu Koposa kumanga ubale ndi anthu mfundo za kufanana.

Amaganiza kuti boma simungakhoze kukhala patsogolo chopanda malire nkani iliyonse. Amenewa akhoza anapereka khoti lonse.

7. States ayenera kukwaniritsa kudzipereka kwawo anapanga chimango mgwirizano ndi mfundo zina United Nations mu chikhulupiriro chabwino.

An chenjezo zofunika: onse mfundo pamwamba tiyenela kuiganizila m'nkhani yomweyo. Ndipo chifukwa boma, lomwe ukugwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi mogwirizana ndi hayala wa United Nations ndi zina za lamulo, anatengera mu bungwe, mukhoza kusankha mmene tingagwiritsire ntchito mfundo ndiponso zimene - palibe.

mbali Constitutional ndi malamulo

Taganizirani mmene bungwe mapangidwe magwero a lamulo pa Kumwambamwamba, mlingo oyendetsera dziko chitsanzo cha zimagwirira ntchito mwa Russia. ali mbali ya malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene ali mlingo pamwamba mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa zochita normative la Chitaganya cha Russia chiyani?

Tikumbukenso, poyamba pa zonse, kuti chakudya oyendetsera dziko ndi malamulo a mbali zake zazikulu ndi zofanana anthu ena aliwonse (amene zonse mafakitale munthu kapena magulu chikhalidwe). Ndiko kuti, mosasamala chimene gulu makamaka za malamulo oyendetsera dziko la malamulo, adzakhala nawo mbali monga chilengedwe n'loonadi, amaphunzira ndi abstractness. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa unakhazikitsidwa malamulo amenewa kungakupatseni ndi boma.

Nawonso oyendetsera dziko mfundo malamulo amagwiritsidwa yodziwika ndi osiyanasiyana mbali chosiyana. Njirazi ndi monga:

- ndi kulunjika chinenero;

- udindo pamwamba mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa magwero a lamulo;

- obscheregulyativnyh wamkulu chiwerengero cha malamulo ndiponso mfundo;

- chikhalidwe constituent malamulo (poganiza Kuwulura malamulo owonjezera)

- mfundo za makhalidwe yazamalamulo;

- chikhalidwe cha matupi zolimbana;

- mbali yaing'ono ya udindo wa ziletso pa dongosolo la malemba.

Gulu la kamba oyendetsera dziko ndi malamulo, anatengera ku Russia, amapereka zosiyanasiyana kwambiri malangizo zogwirizana. Komabe, pankhani ya aliyense wa iwo ntchito iliyonse ndime pamwambapa.