Mkuwa - ndi aloyi mkuwa zikuchokera mkuwa ndi ...

aloyi Izi zikufanana ndi golide, koma mtengo kwambiri. Amadziwika Roma, koma kachiwiri anatsegula m'zaka XVIII. Yonseyi awiri katundu kwambiri wa zinthu mankhwala, mkuwa wapeza ntchito lonse kumunda.

kapangidwe

Ngakhale mtundu wolemekezeka ndi maonekedwe, mkuwa - ndi aloyi mkuwa nthaka, golide kapena zitsulo zina wofunika pamenepo. Kuwonjezera zigawo ziwiri izi, kusintha katundu physicochemical ndi zinthu zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito: .. manganese, tini, chitsulo, pakachitsulo, faifi tambala, kutsogolera, etc. zambiri, chiwerengero cha zodetsa izi si oposa 10%. Otsala a mkuwa zikuchokera kwambiri kapena zochepa zonse, ngakhale chiŵerengero cha zigawo zingasiyane. Ndichachidziwikire kuti zili nthaka si upambana 30-35%, koma cholowa kasakaniza wazitsulo luso angafikire 50%.

katundu

Popeza mkuwa - ndi ndi aloyi zamkuwa nthaka ndi makhalidwe ake ofanana ndi makhalidwe awo. Malinga ndi chiŵerengero zikuluzikulu, mtundu zimasiyanasiyana wofiira chikasu kuwala. kachulukidwe ake ndi 8500 makilogalamu / mamita ^3, ndi limatsogolera kutentha ndi madigiri 880-950 Celsius. Mkuwa bwino agwira monga kuthamanga mu otentha ndipo mu boma ozizira, ali ndi makhalidwe abwino makina, lotereli chilengedwe kunja, koma popanda ❖ kuyanika akutembenukira wakuda pa nthawi. Zamkuwa ndi mkuwa si kophweka kusiyanitsa Chrixitu ndi sanali katswiri, koma ali ndi kuuma choyamba, kuvala kukana, ndi zochepa refractory, koma malleable ndi viscous, choncho mosavuta pokonza. Malinga zili m'tsinde zitsulo zosiyana matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe cha mkuwa - kuposa chiwerengero ake ndi apamwamba, m'pamenenso kutchulidwa katundu izi.

Phindu mu mbiriyakale

Ngakhale mfundo yakuti wotchuka kwambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri aloyi ndi mkuwa - ndi mkuwa, mkuwa komanso unachita mu mbiri. Ngakhale kuti yachiwiri yaikulu chigawo ake - nthaka - linali lotsegula kokha m'zaka XVI, zikanadziwika kalelo. Aroma alloyed mkuwa galmeem - miyala, koma njira imeneyi ndi achikale. mkuwa Secondary chinatsegulidwa ku England m'zaka za m'ma XVIII mwamsanga zinatchuka chifukwa amatikumbutsa kwambiri wa golide, umene nthawi zambiri anaperekedwa. Mu Russia, aloyi izi limatchedwa "chikasu mkuwa". Ngakhale tsopano, m'madera ena mungapeze dzina.

Pambuyo "kubadwanso mwatsopano" chifukwa crucibles mkuwa ntchito imene madigiri kutentha losauka 1000 Celsius. Nthaka mkuwa banjali zimalimbikitsa, ndipo ngati panalibe wodetsedwa, ndiye linanena bungwe chifukwa chofunika. Zamgululi zopangidwa aloyi uyu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ambiri chifukwa cha mtengo wake otsika ndi katundu ali ololedwa. Mwa njira, ngakhale kuti kwa nthawi yaitali m'mabuku a mbiri yakale analemba kuti chipilala kuti Minin ndi Pozharsky mu Moscow, kuponyedwa mu zamkuwa, lokonza ananena kuti kwenikweni unapangidwa aloyi osiyana zamkuwa - mkuwa. Lero, nkhaniyi idakalipo ntchito, kotero koyenera kugula ndi chilengedwe m'malo kumeneko, mwina posachedwa.

phwando

Monga chikuonekera, mkuwa - ndi aloyi zamkuwa nthaka ndi (ngati n'koyenera) ena zigawo zina, koma pali vuto limodzi laling'ono. Makamaka anachitazi vuto kupanga malonda. chakuti limatsogolera mfundo za nthaka osiyana ndi mkuwa zosiyana kwambiri kotero kuti tisaletse vuto la apeze aloyi anawonjezera kuti ligature wa - pang'ono kumaliza kwa zikuchokera.

processing zimadalira mukufuna. The aloyi anawonjezera kuti zigawo zikuluzikulu ena, doped, anakhomerera, zooneka, ndi zina zotero. D. Ngakhale pali mavuto onse, kupanga dziko ndi kumwa mankhwala adakali pa mlingo mkulu.

Mitundu ndi miyezo

Choyamba, kusiyanitsa Mundinyamule ndi osewera mkuwa. GOST amapereka zipinda mseri kwa iwo: 15527-07 ndi 17711-93 motero. Mu Russia yang'anirani aloyi ngati "L" angapo, zimene zikusonyeza chiwerengero cha mkuwa. Koma ngati kwambiri zigawo zikuluzikulu, chifukwa ndi kuchonga ungaoneke motere: LAZhMts66-6-3-2. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuwonjezera pa 66% mkuwa, chizindikiro zimenezi zimaphatikizapo 6% zotayidwa, 3% chitsulo ndi 2% manganese. Chiwerengero cha nthaka kuchita masamu kuti kusiyana 100% ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina. Pankhaniyi 23%. Ndi maina kufanizira ndi zina mtundu mkuwa. zina izi kulola aloyi kupeza katundu watsopano ndi kuwongolera anthu alipo. Malinga Muzifunsa mkuwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zafala monga zotayidwa ake, pakachitsulo, ndi zhelezomargantsovistoy m. P.

Ku Ulaya ndi United States linavomereza maina zopangidwa zina monga CuZn37 kapena S27200. chiŵerengero zosafunika komanso zimasiyanasiyana pang'ono koma ambiri zikuchokera mkuwa ku opanga osiyana mokwanira yunifolomu.

Komanso, malinga nthaka okhutitsidwa aloyi ndi katswiri tombak (10%) ndi polutompaki (10% 20%). Koma nthawi zina zopangidwa ena kupeza maudindo, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zazikulu. Choncho kusiyana ndi "nyanja", "ola" ndi zina mkuwa ena.

ntchito

Madera a ntchito aloyi silikunena kulengeseka. The cheapness wachibale chomasuka processing, komanso katundu choti mkuwa kukhala pafupifupi konsekonse. Iye ija waya ndi ndodo, anakhomerera mu mapepala izo zimandipangitsa ngakhale zojambulazo thinnest.

Mapaipi, ang'ono ndi lalikulu mbali, zovekera, mavavu - izo ntchito magalimoto makampani, chida, zimapangidwira, ndipo ntchito kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokongoletsera, kanali, etc. Izi yochepa mndandanda ... Ndi onse otizungulira, ndi zoona mkuwa - ndi aloyi mkuwa ndi nthaka - ndi zinthu zofala. Choncho, mwina padziko lonse ake ndi kugula zonse pa dzanja.

Mu ntchito zodzikongoletsera

Iwo akuganiza kuti zodzikongoletsera ayenera kukhala ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali: golide, siliva, pulatinamu. Koma kupanga malamulo awo, ndipo wakhala nthawi zina masana, akazi ambiri amakonda zodzikongoletsera wanzeru. Mkuwa, mtundu umene uli pafupi ndi golide, mu nkhani iyi, ndi chofunika kwambiri. Komanso, labwino mwangwiro opukutidwa, kotero kuti zikuchokera yake ndi luso jeweler zodzikongoletsera, zopangidwa aloyi, akhoza kuyang'ana wokongola kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo. Kotero kuti anthu wamba musati ngakhale akuganiza kuti si golide, ndi mkuwa. Photos zambiri samangobwera kusonyeza kukongola katundu finely zachinyengo, choncho ndi bwino kusankha zodzikongoletsera ngati munthu.

Zimachitika kuti madona zowawa chifukwa chifuwa ndi irritations. Koyamba zingaoneke kuti chala lonse ndi mkuwa. Koma ngati ulamuliro, izo siziri. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika pathological ndi faifi tambala, zomwe zimachititsa mtundu ndi maonekedwe wonse wa aloyi ndi zambiri wokongola kwambiri maonekedwe. Ngati pali chizolowezi ziwengo kuti zitsulo ndi bwino kusankha zodzikongoletsera, gawo la zomwe mulibe chigawo ichi. Childs, opanga mwachindunji ili payokha.

analogs

Popeza mkuwa - ndi aloyi zamkuwa ndi nthaka, mmene pali zambiri choyamba, zingaoneke kuti zitsulo koyera (aliyense payekhapayekha) ndi katundu bwino, koma zovuta kumvetsa zoterozo ntchito kuchepetsa ndalama zakuthupi. Ndipotu si choncho. Mkuwa mtundu woyera ali kuipa monga Kusakhazikika kwa dzimbiri, m'munsi ductility poyerekeza ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo nthaka ndi osalimba kwambiri. Mkuwa organically Chili katundu yabwino onse zigawo vzavimokompensiruya kuipa.

Other mkuwa aloyi - mkuwa, cupronickel, etc. - .. Kodi inunso zosatheka kwathunthu otchedwa analogues. Woyamba zochepa pulasitiki ndipo kwambiri coarse, pamene nkhani yachiwiri ndi refractory ndithu ndi chifukwa zili faifi tambala zingachititse khungu likuyabwa. Komanso, maonekedwe komanso womangidwa malo oyamba mkuwa. Mtundu wofanana ndi golide amapereka lokha popanda si wokongola kwambiri bulauni mkuwa ndi silvery faifi tambala siliva.

dziko msika

Industrial kupanga mkuwa anayamba zimenezi pasanapite nthawi kuchokera ake kukonzanso kutsegula. Kuzindikira katundu wake wapadera, metallurgists anayamba kupangika azimuth latsopano makampani. Lero, ndi kupanga ndi mowa zamkuwa kumadalira boma la msika mkuwa dziko. kukula azilandira akupereka chifukwa kukhulupirira kuti kufunika kwa kasakaniza wazitsulo mpaka kugwa. Ndiponso, maulosi za tsogolo la mafakitale imeneyi kuposa yabwino, mosasamala kanthu za mavuto monga kuchepetsa miyala quality, kupanda zomangamanga, chikhalidwe ndiponso kusagwirizana ndale ogulitsa yaikulu ya mkuwa - Chile ndipo ambiri m'mayiko a mu Africa.

The ogula chachikulu cha mkuwa, mkuwa, choncho chuma m'mayiko olemera a ku Ulaya ndi United States, China, Japan ndi ena. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kusowa kwa zipangizo ndi kukula, makamaka chifukwa cha Asia. Chifukwa tumphatumpha chimphona m'ma 2000s, mtengo wa Cu anakhalabe pa yemweyo pamwamba nthawi zonse. Komabe, mu 2016 kuyembekezeredwa kuti Peak umafuna, amene pangakhale ndi kuchepa kwa mitengo.