Isomers wa heptane: chikhalidwe chachikulu ndi ntchito

Alkanes (mafuta a parafini, ma hydrocarboni odzaza ndi ma hydrocarbon) amadzimadzi omwe ali ndi ma atomu a C ndi H omwe ma atomu onse ali ndi zizindikiro zosavuta za sigma. Njira yosavuta kuchepetsa ma hydrocarbon ndi methane. Ma hydrocarbon otsatizana a mndandanda umenewu amasiyana ndi omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu la CH2. Muzigawo zosiyana siyana zamagulu, kusiyana kosiyana kwa wina ndi mzake ndi kusiyana kwa homological (CH2), zofanana zofanana zimatchedwa ovomerezeka. Zotsatizana zoterezi zimadziwika ndi zinthu zakutchire zomwe zimakhalapo ndikusintha thupi.

Gwero lalikulu la fusion ndi mafuta. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mawonekedwe ake a zakuthupi amadalira ndalama. Ma hydrocarboni osasinthika ndiwothandiza kwambiri popanga formaldehyde, methanol, chloroform, plastiki, ma resin, ma esters, acetone, glycerol, propylene, polypropylene, mphira wa butane, ma acetate, ndi zina zotero. Mu makampani, alkanes amachokera ku bulauni ndi malasha. Muzochitika zachikhalidwe alkanes ali mankhwala am'zinthu. Pakati pa kutentha, sagwirizana ndi sulfate acid, kapena ndi alkali zitsulo, kapena ndi caustic alkalis. Mafuta a paraffin amalowa mosavuta , ndipo amapitiriza njira yowonjezera. Pansi pa kutentha kwabwino, amatha kuthira ndi kuwonongeka.

Heptane isomers amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono za alkane kaphatikizidwe kapena kupatukana ndi mafuta kapena mafuta. N-Heptane ndi madzi osayira bwino omwe ali ndi fungo lapadera, imatha kusungunuka mosavuta mu zitsulo zamagetsi (ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether). Zizindikiro za heptane, makamaka tryptane (2,2,3-trimethylbutane-CH3-C (CH3) 2-CH (CH3) -CH3) amagwiritsa ntchito bwino. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera mafuta. Isomers wa heptane ali mu magawo a mafuta a mafuta ndi gasi condensates. N-Heptane - chiyero choyambirira chokhazikitsa zida za carburetor mafuta. Panthawi ya kukonzanso, n-Hexane imasandulika kukhala isomers ya heptane, kenako imayimitsa mavitamini a toluene.

Mu chilengedwe chamagetsi, chodabwitsa cha isomerism chikufala. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya isomerism - zomangamanga ndi stereoisomerism. Mtundu uliwonse ukhoza kugawanika kukhala zamoyo: chiwerengero cha mchere wa hydrocarbon, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wowirikiza ndi magulu ogwira ntchito m'kati mwazitsulo zamagetsi, metamerism, isomerism ya makonzedwe amalowe m'malo a benzene. Malo apadera pakati pa stereoisomers amakhala ndi opangira isomerism. Mitundu imeneyi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya magulu ena a zinthu zakuthambo mu njira zowonetsera zojambula zamagetsi. Zinthu zomwe zimatha kusonyeza zochitika zamagetsi zimatchedwa zinthu zokhazikika. The isomerism of organic mankhwala amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chapadera - polarimeter. Chipangizochi chimakhala ndi ndodo ziwiri Nicholas, analyzer, polarimeter tube.

Zinthu zogwira ntchito, monga lamulo, zilipo mwa mawonekedwe awiri a isomers opindika. Amatchedwa optical antipodes, kapena enantiomers. Kusakaniza komwe kumaphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa maantiantium, optically inactive, amatchedwa racemate kapena racemic compound. Zisokonezo zimatchulidwa ndi ±. Zinthu zosavuta kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito ndi lactate acid, mu molekyulu yomwe imakhala ndi atomu imodzi ya carbon, yomwe ili ndi zowonjezera zinayi - hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl ndi carboxyl.

Mitundu yonse ya organic yomwe molekyumuyo ili ndi atomu ya carbon atom ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maatomu ndi magulu a atomi omwe ali pafupi ndi mpweya wabwino kuti athandizidwe (mawonekedwe, zitsanzo) mu malo osatheka Kuti akwaniritse zochitika zawo zonse. Zitsanzo zimenezi ndizofanana ndi dzanja lamanja ndi lamanzere la munthu kapena chinthu ndi chiwonetsero chake cha kalilole. Choncho, amatchedwa chiral isomers, ndi isomerism - optical, kapena galasi.