Luminosity nyenyezi. makalasi luminosity wa nyenyezi

Kaperekedwe zakuthambo zikhoza kukhala zozunguza mutu kwambiri. Only nyenyezi ndi ukulu zikuoneka mtheradi, luminosity ndi magawo ena. Ndi yamasika tidzayesetsa kumvetsa. ndi luminosity wa nyenyezi chiyani? Kodi chochita ndi aone awo kumwamba usiku? ndi luminosity ya Sun chiyani?

Nature nyenyezi

Nyenyezi - yaikulu kwambiri zakuthambo kuti zimatulutsa kuwala. Iwo anapanga ku mipweya ndi fumbi chifukwa psinjika yokoka. Mkati nyenyezi ndi wandiweyani pachimake, kumene zochita nyukiliya chichitike. Iwo amathandiza kuti chowala nyenyezi. Makhalidwe yaikulu ya sipekitiramu kuwala ndi kukula, gloss, luminosity, kapangidwe mkati. Onse a magawo izi zimadalira Unyinji wa nyenyezi ndi mankhwala yake yeniyeni zikuchokera.

Waukulu "mlengi" matupi awa ndi helium ndi wa hydrogen. Ang'onoang'ono kuchuluka wachibale iwo akhoza munali mpweya, mpweya ndi zitsulo (manganese, pakachitsulo, chitsulo). Kuchuluka wamkulu wa hydrogen ndi helium nyenyezi wamng'ono, ndi nthawi kwake ndi kuchepetsedwa, kusachita zinthu zina.

Nyenyezi m'madera lamkati zinthu kwambiri "chamoto". The kutentha iwo ukufika ku madigiri miliyoni angapo Kelvin. Pali zochita mosalekeza imene a hydrogen ndi n'kukhala helium. Pamwamba, kutentha kwambiri m'munsi nufikira mpaka yekha digiri zikwi zingapo Kelvin.

ndi luminosity wa nyenyezi chiyani?

zochita nyukiliya mkati nyenyezi limodzi ndi umuna wa mphamvu. Luminosity amatchedwa kuchuluka thupi yoonetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu amabala thupi lakumwamba pa nthawi.

Nthawi kusokonezedwa ndi magawo ena, monga kuwala kwa nyenyezi usiku. Komabe, kuwala, kapena ukulu akuoneka - za khalidwe kuti sangathe anayeza. Ndi chifukwa cha mlili wa remoteness kuwala kwa dziko lapansi ndi limafotokoza mmene bwino nyenyezi zimaonekera kumwamba. The ochepa a mtengo uwu, wamkulu kuwala dzikoli likuonekera.

Mosiyana izo, luminosity nyenyezi - ichi ndi cholinga chizindikiro. Iwo sadalira kumene amatsata lapansi. Nyenyezi khalidwe liwulo mphamvu mphamvu yake. Iwo zingasiyane panyengo zosiyanasiyana za m'mwamba thupi kusanduka.

Pafupi luminosity, koma osati zofanana, ndiye Mtheradi udzakwaniritsidwa. Zimatanthauza chinyezimiro cha kuwala kumene kumaoneka kuti amatsata pa mtunda wa parsecs 10, kapena 32,62 zaka kuwala. Kawirikawiri ntchito kuwerengera luminosity wa nyenyezi.

Khama la luminosity

Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu imene akumasula thupi lakumwamba anatsimikiza mu Watts (W), joules pa mphindi (J / s) kapena ergs lachiwiri lina (erg / s). Pali njira zingapo kupeza njira ankafuna.

Iwo mosavuta masamu ndi chilinganizo L = 0,4 (Ma -M), ngati anakhumba kuti adziwe kufunika mtheradi la nyenyeziyo. Choncho, Latin kalata L ali anasankha luminosity, kalata M - ndi ukulu mtheradi, ndipo Ma - phindu Mtheradi wa Sun (4.83 Ma).

njira ina kumaphatikizapo kudziwa bwino ounikira. Ngati tizindikira utali wozungulira (R) ndi kutentha (T _EF ) A pamwamba pake, ndi luminosity zingadziŵike mwa chilinganizo L = 4pR ² St ⁴ _EF. Latin m Pankhaniyi zikutanthauza khola thupi kuchuluka - Stefan-Boltzmann zonse.

The luminosity ya Sun ndi 3,839 × October ²⁶ Watts. Pakuti yosavuta kumva, asayansi zambiri kuyerekezera luminosity thupi lakunja ndi mtengo uwu. Choncho, pali zinthu masauzande kapena mamiliyoni ambiri ofooka kapena amphamvu kuposa dzuwa.

makalasi luminosity wa nyenyezi

Yerekezerani pakati pa nyenyezi, astrophysicists ntchito classifications osiyana. Iwo agawidwa pa makulidwe, kukula, kutentha, etc. Koma koposa zonse, ndi chithunzi thunzi chokwanira zambiri za ntchito makhalidwe angapo.

Pali chapakati Harvard gulu zochokera makulidwe, amene limatulutsa kuwala. Iwo amagwiritsa makalata lililonse logwirizana ndi mtundu yeniyeni umuna (buluu O, B - woyera ndi buluu, A - White, etc.).

Nyenyezi sipekitiramu mwina ndi luminosity osiyana. Choncho, Yerkes asayansi apanga gulu kuti amaganizira chizindikiro ichi. Iye adagawa luminosity awo zochokera mfundo mtheradi. Pankhaniyi, mtundu uliwonse wa nyenyezi ndiye amene anagawa osati osiyanasiyana makalata, manambala, udindo luminosity. Choncho, amasulidwe:

• hypergiants (0);
• supergiants yowala (Ia +);
• supergiants yowala (Ia);
• supergiants yachibadwa (Ib);
• yowala chimphona (II);
• zimphona yachibadwa (III);
• subgiants (IV);
• atumiki ndondomeko zikuluzikulu (V);
• subdwarfs (VI);
• atumiki woyera (VII);

The luminosity wamkulu, mtengo wotsika amatsogoza mtheradi. Pa zimphona ndipo supergiants, izo zikusonyezedwa ndi chizindikiro chochotsera.

Kubverana phindu mtheradi, osiyanasiyana kutentha, ndi luminosity nyenyezi zikusonyeza Hertzsprung - Russell. Iwo anavomerezedwa kumbuyo mu 1910. Tchati chimagwirizanitsa Harvard ndi Yerkes gulu, ndipo walola kuti mufufuze ndi m'kagulu kuwala holistically kwambiri.

Kusiyana luminance

Nyenyezi magawo kwambiri chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mzake. Pa luminosity wa nyenyezi anakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi misa. Ndipo iwo kwakukulukulu amadalira mankhwala zikuchokera nyenyezi. Star misa n'chachikulu, ang'onoang'ono zinthu zolemera (yolemera kuposa hydrogen ndi helium).

Iwo ali lalikulu kwambiri misa ndi hypergiants mkulu supergiants. Iwo ali nyenyezi wamphamvu kwambiri ndi yowala m'chilengedwe chonse, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, komanso yosowa kwambiri. Atumiki, Mosiyana, ndi misa ang'ono ndi luminosity, koma chifukwa cha 90% ya nyenyezi zonse.

Nyenyezi ambiri chachikulu, amene amadziwika lero, ndi buluu hypergiants R136a1. luminosity ake ali wamkulu kuposa dzuwa nthawi miliyoni 8.7. Variable nyenyezi mu kuwundana Cygnus (tsekwe P) kuposa luminosity ya Sun 630 maulendo 000, ndi S Doradus kuposa chizindikiro izi 500 000 nthawi. Mmodzi kakang'ono kudziwika nyenyezi 2MASS J0523-1403 ali luminosity wa dzuwa 0,00126.