Kaswili - Kodi amene sayansi? Mbiri ya thunthu

Biology - mmodzi wa ambiri maudindo ndi zikuluzikulu sayansi mu dziko masiku ano. Pamafunikanso angapo sayansi osiyana ndi zigawo, omwe amachita ndi kuphunzira njira zina zamoyo ndi ntchito zawo zofunika, dongosolo, dongosolo maselo, ndi zina zotero.

Mmodzi wa sayansi izi Umutu ndi chidwi ndi okalamba kwambiri koma sayansi lenileni la thunthu.

kuti kuyesa

Kaswili - sayansi kuti Maphunziro a dongosolo mkati ndi makhalidwe morphological thupi la munthu ndi chitukuko anthu m'kupita kwa phylogeny, ontogeny ndi anthropogenesis.

Phunziro la phunziro la thunthu ndi:

• mawonekedwe a thupi la munthu ndi ziwalo zake zonse;
• kapangidwe ka ziwalo ndi thupi;
• magwero a anthu;
• Kukula kwa aliyense chamoyo munthu (ontogeny).

Chinthu sayansi ndi munthu wokhalapo ndi kunja ndi mkati mwake zilipo mbali zonse za dongosolo la.

Kaswili sayansi yokha zachitika kwa nthawi yaitali, monga chidwi dongosolo ndi kugwira ntchito kwa ziwalo mkati kunali kofunika kwa munthu nthawizonse. Komabe, thunthu ano zikuphatikizapo madera angapo okhudzana wa zamoyo, zomwe chimakhudzana ndi izo, ndipo amaonedwa kukhala zambiri zovuta. Awa ndi malo a thunthu, monga:

1. Mwadongosolo kaswili.
2. Mtunda kapena opaleshoni.
3. Mphamvu.
4. Pulasitiki.
5. Age.
6. Kuyerekezera.
7. Pathological.
8. Chipatala.

Motero, anthu thunthu - sayansi kuti amaphunzira zonse kuti pena amabwera kwa thupi kapangidwe ndi ndondomeko zokhudza thupi. Komanso, sayansi ndi yogwirizana ndi interacts zoterozo sapota-kutali kwa izo ndipo akhala sayansi palokha, monga:

• Anthropology - chiphunzitso cha munthu monga, malo ake dongosolo la dziko organic ndi mogwirizana ndi mabungwe ndi chilengedwe. Social ndi kwachilengedwenso makhalidwe a anthu wokhalapo, kutsitsimuka, psyche, khalidwe khalidwe.
• Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa - sayansi njira zonse zochitika mu thupi (pa njira ya kugona ndi maso, braking ndi galimoto, zikhumbo mitsempha ndi akuwazenga, mantha ndi humoral malamulo, ndi zina zotero).
• Poyerekeza thunthu - amachitira ndi phunziro chitukuko embryonic ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo zosiyana ndi kachitidwe kawo, pamene akuyerekeza mazira nyama za magulu osiyanasiyana a taxa.
• Chisinthiko chiphunzitso - chiphunzitso chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha munthu kuchokera nthawi ya maonekedwe a dziko masiku ano (phylogeny), komanso umboni wa umodzi wa zotsalira zazomera lonse la dziko lathuli.
• Chibadwa - kuphunzira malamulo chibadwa, njira yosungirako ndi kulanda mudziwe majini ku mibadwomibadwo.

Chifukwa, ife tikuona kuti thunthu la munthu - ndi zogwirizana kwathunthu zovuta kuphatikiza sayansi ambiri. Ndiyamika ntchito anthu awo kudziwa kwambiri za thupi lamunthu ndi njira zake zonse.

Mbiri ya thunthu

Iwo umupeza mizu yake thunthu kalelo. Ndipotu, kuyambira maonekedwe a munthu anali kufuna kudziwa zimene zili mkati mwake chifukwa, ngati wakwiya, umawawukhira, chimene icho chiri, chifukwa munthu amapuma, amagona, amadya. mafunso awa onse akale ankabwerera anthu ambiri a mtundu wa anthu.

Komabe, mayankho awo sanabwere yomweyo. Iwo anatenga kuposa zaka kudziunjikira okwanira odziwa ongolankhula ndi othandiza ndi kupereka yankho zonse ndi mwatsatanetsatane mafunso ambiri za thupi.

Mbiri ya thunthu ndi salembedwa kugawidwa m'mbali zitatu:

• Matenda a dziko wakale;
• Matenda a Zapakati;
• nthawi yatsopano.

Tiyeni tikambirane mfundo iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane.

amakedzana

Anthu amene anayambitsa sayansi ya thunthu, anthu oyamba amene ali ndi chidwi ndi kufotokoza kapangidwe ka ziwalo mkati - ndi Agiriki akale, Aroma, Aiguputo ndi Aperisi. Oimira chitukuko izi wafunsira thunthu la sayansi, poyerekeza thunthu ndi embryology ndi kusanduka, ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Kupenda mosamalitsa zopereka mu mawonekedwe a tebulo.

Ages Middle

Nthawiyi amakhala ndi kusokonezeka ndi kuchepa chitukuko cha zonse aliyense wa Sciences, komanso ulamuliro wa Mpingo, umene analetsa kung'ambika, kufufuza ndi kuphunzira thunthu la nyama, amaona tchimo. Choncho, kusintha kwakukulu ndi kufufuza mu nthawi ino sichinayambe anachita.

Koma Kubadwa Kwatsopano, Komano, anapereka zambiri kutsogolera mankhwala amakono ndi thunthu. Chopereka chachikulu zimene asayansi zitatu:

1. Leonardo da Vinci. Izo zikhoza kuganiziridwa tate wa thunthu pulasitiki. Ntchito maluso awo luso kuti athandize thunthu, iye walenga 700 zojambula, molondola zosonyeza minofu ya mafupa a. matupi, zimachititsa chilumbachi awo thunthu ambaaonesa bwino ndi moyenera. Ntchito kuchita ndi autopsy.
2. Yakov Silvius. Mphunzitsi wa anatomists zambiri modernity wake. Iye anatsegula mzere mu dongosolo ubongo.
3. Andeas Vesalius. A dokotala wodziwa kwambiri, zaka zambiri zoyenera mosamala wa thunthu. Malangizo ake anali ikuchitika pamaziko a autopsy ndi zambiri mafupa opezeka pa manda zipangizo anasonkhana. ntchito moyo wake - seveni buku buku, "Pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu." ntchito zake achititsa chitsutso mwa misa, monga kumvetsa kwake kwa thunthu - ndi sayansi, amene ayenera kuphunzira kuchita. Izi zinali zotsutsana ndi ntchito za Galen, amene anali pa nthawi imeneyo chiri pa yambiri.
4. Vilyam Garvey. ntchito yake yaikulu inali ndemanga "Kafukufuku anatomical wa zoyenda wa mtima ndi magazi nyama." Iye loyamba anali kuti magazi amayendetsa uzingopitirira ziwiya, ikuluikulu kuti ang'onoang'ono kudzera machubu ting'onoting'ono. komanso wa mawu oyamba kuti chinyama chirichonse akukula dzira ndi ndondomeko yake chitukuko motere chitukuko mbiri wa zamoyo zonse ambiri (ano biogenetic lamulo).
5. Mazira, Eustace, Willis, Glisson, Azelli, Peke, Bertolini - mayina a asayansi za nthawi, amene anapereka ntchito yake chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha chimene ndi thunthu la munthu. Izi amathandiza kwambiri, zomwe wafunsira chiyambi masiku ano chitukuko cha sayansi.

nthawi yatsopano

Nthawiyi amatanthauza XIX - zaka XX ndipo amakhala ndi chiwerengero cha atulukira zofunika kwambiri. Onsewo zathu- chifukwa cha atayamba maso a. Marcello Malpighi anawonjezera natsimikizira pafupifupi kuti pa nthawi ina analosera Harvey - pamaso pa capillaries. Scientist Shymlanskaya anatsimikizira kuti ntchito yake, komanso chotsimikiziridwa ndi cyclical kutsekedwa a m'thupi.

Komanso, ambiri atulukira analola kuulula mwatsatanetsatane mfundo "thunthu". Awa anali ntchito zotsatirazi:

• Galvani Luidzhi. Munthu uyu wapanga amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha sayansi komanso magetsi anatsegula. Komabe, iye anatha kuona kukhalapo kwa zikhumbo za magetsi mu zimakhala nyama. Choncho adakhala tate wa electrophysiology.
• Caspar Wolf. Iye anatsutsa chiphunzitso cha preformation, ankanena kuti onse matupi kulibe mu kungachepetse mawonekedwe maselo nyongolosi, kenako basi kukula. Iye anakhala woyambitsa wa embryogenesis.
• Louis Pasteur. Patatha zaka zatsopano anatsimikizira kukhalako kwa mabakiteriya. njira kuphunzira katemera.
• Zhan Batist Lamark. Iye anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Choyamba adafotokoza kuti mwamuna, ngati zamoyo zonse, akufotokozera mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe.
• Carl Baer. Iye anatsegula nyongolosi khungu la thupi wamkazi, anafotokoza zigawo nyongolosi , ndi wafunsira chitukuko cha nzeru za ontogenesis lapansi.
• Charles Darwin. Iye anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko ndi anafotokoza chiyambi cha munthu. Iye anasonyeza mgwirizano wa moyo wonse pa dziko.
• Mapayi, Mechnikov, Sechenov, Pavlov, Botkin, Ukhtomsky, Burdenko - mayina asayansi Russian XIX-XX atumwi, amene anapereka mfundo wathunthu thunthu - ndi sayansi, mabuku, Mipikisano faceted ndi mabuku. ntchito yawo chofunika mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Iwo anali apainiya wa asilikali a chitetezo chokwanira, ntchito apamwamba mantha, msana ndi lamulo mantha, komanso ambiri a nkhani za chibadwa. Severtsov malangizo thunthu anakhazikitsidwa - zamoyo zinachita kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, yomwe inachokera pa maziko a pa biogenetic malamulo (olemba - Haeckel, Darwin, Kovalevsky, Baer, Müller).

chitukuko ya anthu onsewa ayenera thunthu. Biology - ndi sayansi zovuta, koma thunthu ndi wamkulu ndi chofunika kwambiri kwa iwo, chifukwa zimakhudza chofunika kwambiri - thanzi la munthu.

ndi thunthu matenda Kodi

Chipatala thunthu - mbali wapakatikati pakati pa topographic ndi opaleshoni thunthu. Amaona kapangidwe ka mafunso ambiri chiwalo makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya m'mphako ya dokotala asanachite opareshoni m'pofunika kudziŵa zinthu wonse wa limba mu thupi, ndi chimene chikugwirizana ndi mmene interacts ndi matupi ena.

Lero, thunthu matenda ambiri kwambiri. Mukhoza kupeza mawu chipatala thunthu mphuno, pharynx, pakhosi, kapena thupi ina. Ndicho chipatala kaswili ndingokuuzani zimene zigawo analumikiza bwino thupi, kumene ili, zimene malire, zomwe ndi mbali yake, ndi zina zotero.

Aliyense zachipatala katswiri yopapatiza mbiri akudziŵa bwinobwino thunthu matenda a thupi, amene amagwira ntchito. Ichi ndi chinsinsi chithandizo bwino.

thunthu

Kaswili - gawo la sayansi kuti amachita ndi kuphunzira ontogenesis anthu. Ndiko kuti, kuganizira njira zonse zimene zigwirizana pamodzi izo kuchokera pamene mimba ndi gawo Ndisanaumbidwe mpaka mapeto a mayendedwe amoyo - imfa. Pankhaniyi, chifukwa chachikulu zaka thunthu ndi embryology ndi gerontology.

The anayambitsa izi thunthu gawo tinganene kuti Karl Bara. Iye ndiye anali woyamba ankatanthauza ponena za munthu wa aliyense wamoyo. Kenako ndondomeko izi ankatchedwa ontogeny.

Age thunthu limatithandiza kudziwa njira ya ukalamba, chimene chiri chofunika kwa mankhwala.

poyerekeza thunthu

Poyerekeza kaswili - sayansi, amene waukulu cholinga ndi kutsimikizira umodzi wa moyo wonse pa dziko. Mwachindunji, phunziroli nawo kuyerekezera mazira a mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mitundu komanso makalasi taxa) ndi chizindikiritso cha dongosolo wamba mu chitukuko.

Poyerekeza thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa - ichi kapangidwe ndi yogwirizana, kuphunzira funso chimodzi: mmene angapezere ndi kugwirira ntchito mazira a zolengedwa osiyana poyerekeza ndi mzake?

kuvulazidwa thunthu

Pathological thunthu - ndi chilango sayansi nkhawa ndi kuphunzira njira pathological maselo ndipo zimakhala za munthu wokhalapo. Izi zimamupatsa mwayi kuphunzira matenda osiyanasiyana, kuona zotsatira za otaya pa thupi, choncho kupeza mankhwala.

Ntchito pathological thunthu zotsatirazi:

• kuphunzira zimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana anthu;
• tikambirane njira ya asayembekezere ndi maphunziro pa mlingo ma;
• kuzindikira mavuto onse n'zotheka pathologies ndi matenda zotsatira embodiments;
• kufufuza njira za imfa ndi matenda;
• kupenda zifukwa kupanda wa mankhwalawa pathologies.

The anayambitsa mwambo uwu ndi Rudolf Virchow. Kuti unakhazikitsidwa chiphunzitso ma, akulankhula za chitukuko cha matenda pa mlingo wa maselo zimakhala m'thupi la munthu.

thunthu dera

Topographic thunthu - mwambo sayansi, mwinamwake amatchedwa opaleshoni. maziko ake ndi kulekana kwa thupi la munthu pa mbali anatomical, omwe ali mbali zina za thupi: mutu, thupi kapena miyendo.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu za sayansi ndi awa:

• kapangidwe iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane dera;
• matupi Syntopy (dongosolo wachibale awo kwa wina ndi mzake);
• matupi mogwirizana ndi khungu (golotopiya);
• yobweretsa magazi kuti dera lililonse anatomical;
• lymph otaya;
• mantha lamulo;
• skeletopy (wachibale mafupa a).

mavuto onsewa anapanga pansi mfundo za: kuphunzira, kutenga matenda chifukwa, pathologies okalamba ndi makhalidwe munthu wa chamoyo.