Natural magawidwe. Latitudinal ndi altitudinal zonation

Aliyense akudziwa kuti dziko la kutentha yogawa dzuwa m'goli chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ozungulira dziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe osiyana dongosolo zachilengedwe, kumene zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse iliyonse yogwirizana ndi mzake ndipo anapanga zone achilengedwe amene amapezeka pa mayiko onse. Ngati titsatira nyama ndi zomera m'madera amodzimodzi, koma m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, tikhoza kuona kufanana ena.

Geographical malamulo magawidwe

Scientist V. V. Dokuchaev mu nthawi yake analenga chiphunzitso cha malo achilengedwe, ndipo anafotokoza maganizo amene aliyense zone - masoka zovuta, kumene zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo ndi mosamala zogwirizana. Ndiyeno, tsiku lino, choyenereza woyamba unakhazikitsidwa chiphunzitso, umene wakhala woyengedwa ndi zofunikila zina ndi ofufuza ena LS Berg.

zosiyanasiyana za magawidwe chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zikuchokera chivundikiro Hrs ndiponso zochita za zinthu ziwiri zikuluzikulu: mphamvu ya Sun ndi mphamvu dziko lapansi. Pali zinthu izi kugwirizana magawidwe zachilengedwe, zomwe akuwonetseredwa mu kufalitsa nyanja, zosiyanasiyana mtunda ndi matabwa ake. Chifukwa, osiyanasiyana maofesi zachilengedwe inakhazikitsidwa, ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri iwo ndi zone Hrs amene ali pafupi ndi mabacteria nyengo anafotokoza BP Alisova).

Kuonetsetsa zotsatirazi malo osiyanasiyana mabacteria: kunyanja, awiri subequatorial, otentha, kotentha, subpolar ndi kumalo ozizira (Arctic ndi Antarctic). zone Geographical anawagawa mabacteria, ndiko kulankhula makamaka.

ndi magawidwe latitudinal Kodi

malo achilengedwe kugwirizana ndi nyengo, choncho mabacteria monga malamba pang'onopang'ono m'malo mzake, amayenda equator kuti mitengoyo, pamene dzuwa yafupika ndipo anasintha mvula. Maganizo olakwika lalikulu maofesi zachilengedwe otchedwa latitudinal zonation, amene kumaonekera m'madera zonse zachilengedwe, kaya kukula.

mkulu-nyamuka magawidwe Kodi

mapu Tingaone, ngati ife kusuntha kuchokera kumpoto kum'mawa, aliyense zone Hrs likukwaniritsa magawidwe Hrs, kuyambira chipululu kozizira, kudutsa kwa Titafika pamalo, pa kuti Titafika pamalo a, nayonso, wosakaniza ndi nkhalango mitundu nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe, ndipo potsiriza nthando ndi mayiko. Iwo kuyambira kummawa mpaka kumadzulo mkanjira, koma palinso zinthu zina.

Ambiri akudziwa kuti auka apamwamba mu mapiri, chiŵerengero cha kutentha ndi chinyezi yaitali anasintha kwa kutentha otsika, ndi mpweya mu mawonekedwe olimba, potero kusintha nyama ndi zomera. Asayansi ndi geographers anauzanso dzina - okwera magawidwe (kapena magawidwe), pamene malo akutiakuti, belting phiri ikakhala osiyana. Kusintha kwa zone uli wachangu kuposera pachidikha, amene ali yekha, kuti apite kwa 1 Km, ndipo adzakhala kudera lina. Zoni lowermost nthawi limafanana kumene phiri, ndi pafupi ndi mitengoyo, ndi zochepa za mabacteria amenewa amapezeka pamwamba.

Geographical magawidwe malamulo ntchito mu mapiri. Kuchokera pa ufulu yozungulira seasonality, komanso kusinthana kwa usana ndi usiku. Ngati phiri ili pafupi mtengo, ndiye ndi apo mungapeze usiku kumalo ozizira ndi tsiku, ndipo ngati malo pafupi equator, tsiku nthawizonse kukhala wolingana ndi usiku.

zone ayezi

Natural magawidwe pafupi ndi mitengo yonyamulira ya padziko lonse, amatchedwa ayezi. Nyengo ankhanza, pamene chisanu ndi ayezi ndi chaka chonse, ndipo m'mwezi otchulidwa wa kutentha sasefukira pamwamba 0 °. Chipale chimakwirira dziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale sikuti dzuwa kuzungulira koloko kwa miyezi ingapo, koma osati umafunda izo.

Pa zinthu kukudzudzulani zone glacial amakhala nyama zing'onozing'ono (White Nyamuliranani, anyani, zisindikizo, walruses, nkhandwe, mphalapala), komabe zochepa kotheka kukumana zomera monga kupanga ndondomeko pa siteji oyambirira a chitukuko, ndipo makamaka anapeza amathawathawa chomera (ndere Moss, algae).

zone Titafika pamalo

Zone ozizira ndi amphamvu mphepo, kumene mosalekeza ndi nthawi yozizira lalifupi chilimwe, chifukwa chimene nthaka alibe nthawi konzekera ndi kupanga Mipikisano wosanjikiza pansi mazira.

magawidwe malamulo ntchito ngakhale mu Titafika pamalo ndi ukugawa mu atatu kum'mwera kwa mabacteria, amayenda kumpoto chakum'mwera: kozizira Titafika pamalo, kumene amalima makamaka Moss ndi lichens ankaikira ndere-Moss Titafika pamalo, kumene kuli malo zitsamba, kufalitsidwa ndi Vaigach kuti Kolyma, ndi South chitsamba chilichonse Titafika pamalo, kumene zomera tichipeza magulu atatu.

Tiyenera kutchura Titafika pamalo chimene chimafika Mzere wochepa thupi ndi zone kusintha pakati Titafika pamalo ndi nkhalango.

nayonso zone

Pakuti Russian nayonso - waukulu zachilengedwe m'derali, kuyambira ku kukafika kumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi nyanja ya Japan. Nayonso kusungidwa mu mabacteria nyengo ziwiri, umene kusiyana zimachitika mmenemo.

Izi magawidwe zachilengedwe tikunena ambiri nyanja ndi m'madambo, ndipo apa anayambitsa mitsinje kwambiri mu Russia, Volga, Kama, Lena, Viluy ndi ena.

Chinthu chachikulu kwa dziko mbewu - nkhalango coniferous chogwidwa ndi larch, wofala spruce, Oil, paini. Dziko nyama sakanikira ndi kum'mawa kwa nayonso ili kuposa kumadzulo.

Forest, nkhalango steppe ndi steppe

Mu zone ya wosanganiza ndi yotakata-Ndalankhula nkhalango nyengo yofunda ndi wetter, ndi bwino kunachokera latitudinal magawidwe. Zima zochepa kwambiri, m'nyengo ya chilimwe yaitali ndi kutentha, amene amalimbikitsa kukula kwa mitengo monga thundu, phulusa, mapulo, linden, otuwira. Chifukwa m'madera zovuta zomera zone zosiyanasiyana zinyama izi, ndi Mwachitsanzo, pa East European Plain njati wamba, muskrat, Boar zakutchire, nkhandwe, mphalapala.

Zone ya nkhalango wosanganiza ndi kuposa conifers, ndipo pali herbivores lalikulu ndipo zosiyanasiyana kwambiri mbalame. magawidwe Geographical wa kachulukidwe osiyanasiyana mabeseni mtsinje, ena ali mu yozizira amaundana.

A zone kusintha pakati pa steppe ndi nkhalango steppe ndi, komwe kuli kusinthana kwa nkhalango ndi dambo phytocenoses.

steppe woyendera nthambi

Ichi ndi mtundu wina, limene limafotokoza magawidwe achilengedwe. Iye ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana kwambiri nyengo ku madera tatchulazi, ndi chachikulu - chosowa madzi, kotero kuti palibe nkhalango ndi kulamuliridwa ndi mbewu monga chimanga ndi zitsamba zonse zosiyana kuti udzaphimba dziko lapansi ndi pamphasa mosalekeza. Ngakhale kuti dera limeneli si madzi okwanira, zomera kulekerera chilala bwino, nthawi zambiri masamba iwo aang'ono ndi kutentha akhoza phased kunja pofuna kupewa evaporation.

The zomera ndi zambiri osiyanasiyana: pali hoofed nyama, makoswe, carnivores. The Russian steppe ndi kufufuza kwambiri anthu ndi waukulu ulimi m'deralo.

Steppes zimapezeka pa kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndi kum'mwera, koma iwo pang'onopang'ono anazimiririka chifukwa wolima wa nyama padziko lapansi, moto, odyetserako.

Latitudinal ndi altitudinal zonation opezeka steppes, kotero iwo anawagawa subspecies zingapo: phiri (mwachitsanzo, Caucasus Mountains), dambo (khalidwe la Western Siberia), xerophilous, kumene ambiri dernovidnnyh dzinthu, ndi m'chipululu (iwo kukhala Kalmykia steppe).

Anthu am'chipululu ndi kotentha

kusintha mwadzidzidzi mmene chilengedwe chifukwa evaporation kuposa nthawi zambiri mpweya (maulendo 7), ndi nthawi ya nthawi ngati miyezi sikisi. The zomera m'dera si wolemera, ndipo makamaka anapeza udzu, zitsamba, ndi nkhalango akhoza amangoona pamodzi mitsinje. Dziko nyama ndi waphindu ndi pang'ono ofanana ndi amene amapezeka mu zone ya steppe: kwambiri a makoswe ndi nyama zokwawa, ungulates ndi kuyendayenda m'madera ozungulira.

Gululi m'chipululu waukulu Sahara, koma ambiri magawidwe zachilengedwezi ndi khalidwe la 11% wa padziko lapansi, ndipo ngati ife kuwonjezera m'chipululu kozizira, ndiye 20%. Zipululu zimapezeka zoni kotentha a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndi kotentha ndi mayiko.

Lomveka tanthauzo la kotentha kulibe kutali chirengedwe mabacteria: otentha, a kunyanja ndi boma kunyanja, pamene pali kufanana mu zikuchokera awo nkhalango, koma kusiyana.

Anagawa nkhalango onse mu savannah, nkhalango ndi Nkhalango subtropical. Mbali awo wamba kuti mitengo nthawi zonse zobiriwira, ndi kusiyana pakati mabacteria izi kwa nthawi za nthawi youma ndi mvula. Mu nthawi udzu mvula kumatenga miyezi 8-9. Otentha nkhalango khalidwe la kum'mawa chokhala ndi malire, kumene kusintha mu nyengo ya chilimwe yozizira ndi yotenthera chinyezi ndi mvula yamvula. Otentha Forest yodziwika ndi digiri yapamwamba ya humidification ndi mpweya mwina upambana 2000 mm.